Wikipiidia

Sibiti

Sibiti anɛ laafi lʋgʋr zin'ig kanɛ ka ba ti'ebid ban'ad nam nɛ laafi baŋisim kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb. Ba ti'ebidnɛ nɛ la'ad kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb.[1] Sibiti sʋŋ wusa mɔr lu'as bɛɛ dɔɔd nam.[2]

Sibiti
Subclass ofinstitution, medical organization, medical facility, workplace Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Part ofhealth system Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Office held by head of the organizationhospital chief executive officer Dɛmisim gbɛlima
EntitySchema for this classEntity schema not supported yet (E187), Entity schema not supported yet (E210), Entity schema not supported yet (E211) Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Merchant Category Code8062 Dɛmisim gbɛlima
NCI Thesaurus IDC16696 Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Unicode character Dɛmisim gbɛlima

Sibiti nam paamid ligidi yitnɛ gɔmina nimma'asim tʋʋma zin'isin nimma'asim nwwae daaʋg gu' waad ni bɛɛ nimbanɛ sʋŋid ni. Labakʋda pa'al ye sibiti anɛ dinɛ ka pʋ'ʋsim dɔɔd da ɛɛnti pin'il ka yɔ ba sam bɛɛ di tun'e yi nimbanɛ sʋŋid nɛ tuon gatib ni na.[3]

Lu'as Nam

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Kpieʋŋ zin'ig bɛɛ Bakir Zin'ig. Lu'ak kaŋa anɛ zin'ig kanɛ ka ba ti'ebid ban' kpiema bɛɛ pakir ban' nam. Ban' banɛ ɛɛti muk hali ka li ka'a ye ba gu'us ba'a bi'ela la, zin'ig kan ka ba mɔri o sɔbi ken.[4]

Din pin'il siem

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Saŋa dinɛ gaad la, sibiti nam mɔr tuuma kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb lʋga nam ni .ba da anɛ sʋŋi zin'i tis tadim nam, gbɛɛsid tis saam bɛɛ zamisʋŋ zin'i."hospital" la yi nɛ Latin ni hospes, pa'an saan bɛɛ nid giŋgaŋ kanɛ an saan. Yʋ'ʋr paal kanɛ lɛm pa'as anɛ, hospitium kanɛ tina pa'an sʋm yɛla, saam kpinim nɛ la'adnam, sum yɛla, zɔɔd nɛ zin'i sum. Di kpinim nii, Latin la Tina pa'an nɛ yɛ saan gbɛsid, saan zin'i, an inn.[5] Hospes an di nya'ad tis na'asal buolʋg host (zin'ig kanɛ ka ba yis p la bas yɛ li buolʋg an na'anna ) hospitality, hospice, hostel, nɛ hotel. Buolʋg kanɛ bɛ nanana yit Latin dɔlisid Old French romance pian'ad hostel, kanɛ mɔr s vuud la ka li pʋ yita, kanɛ ka ba yis la nyain bɛ pian'ad la ni, dinɛ yi la zug pian'ad la bɛ nɛ susʋŋ bɛ French word hôtel. Ka German pian'ad mɛ mɔri din sɛŋ siem la ka di nwɛn .

Buudinam

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Ban' nam sieba kɛn sibiti nam ni gɔsid ba mɛŋ, tɛ'ɛbit ba mɛŋ bɛɛ therapy ka nɛ ba kʋn ("outpatients") ka pʋ gbɛɛnda ; ka sieba mɛ gbɛɛnd ka bɛ yu'uŋ la wʋsa bɛɛ dabisa bɛɛ bakɔi bɛɛ nwadis ("banɛ ka ba ti'eb ka bas"). Sibiti nam bɛ nɛ kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb kat wa'ae ba bɛdim nɛ an siem laafi bɛlim ni, sieba nyaŋi di'er ban' nam bɛdigʋ digin ka gɔsidi ba, ka sieba mɛ an sibiti bibis kanɛ ka ti buon ye sibiti bibis.

Sapu'ad zin'ig.

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Zin'ig kaŋa anɛ lu'ak kanɛ ka ba ti'ebid nidib banɛ paam sapu'ad nam.

Sibiti nam sieba anɛ gɔmma din ka sieba mɛ an asʋ'ʋ-m-mɛŋ din. Gɔmma sibiti nam wusa tʋmmi nɛ Anwaae daag gu'u waad.[6]

Sibiti nam banɛ mɔr baŋir hali sieba anɛ trauma center nam, yaan sibiti nam, biis sibiti nam, kpɛɛmnam sibiti nam, nɛ sibiti banɛ mɔr ti’ebυg linɛ bɛ li kɔn’, banɛ sieba anɛ zulɛbin nam sibiti nam linɛ ti’ebid banɛ zugu fɛndig nɛ wiim sieba nam. Sibiti nam banɛ mɔr baŋir tituaa la sυŋiri sied ti’ebυg sam yɔɔb ka li pυ nwɛn wυυ sibiti banɛ kpɛlim laa. (2) Sibiti nam pυnɛ gυn-gυn dɔlnɛ banɛ ti’ebid ti’ebυg wυsa, banɛ mɔr mi’ilim gυn, bɛɛ banɛ gυr ligidi linɛ yit gɔmina san’an. [7] 

Ti mɛ mɔr sibiti banɛ sυŋidi zamisid linɛ zamisid nidib kati wa’ae laafi bɛllim yɛla sakur bibis banɛ zamisid laafi bɛllim yela. Ti mɔr sibiti bibis nɛ sibiti bɛda linɛ ka ba buon ye clinic la. Sibiti bɛda mɔr ti’ebυg dɔɔd zi’es sieba wυυ (titυυnli, perisin dɔɔg, nɛ yɛl-di’edim dɔɔg) nɛ baŋir zi’es wυυ kɔnba dɔɔg. Sibiti sieba mɔr dɔɔd sieba tisid ban’anam banɛ ka ba yisi ba mɛŋ ka sieba mɛ ti’ebυg sυŋ dɔɔg zin’ig. Zi’ibanɛ mɛ sυŋid tituaa anɛ tiim dɔɔd, zi’ibanɛ ti’ebid bunvυla.

Sibiti nam bɛdigυ anɛ linɛ an teŋim bun, ti mɔr sibiti banɛ mɛ’ n iaad ligidi, ti mɛ health insurance company nam.

Banɛ tiebid wima bɛdigʋ ka sʋŋid ban’adnam

Sibiti banɛ ka nidib bɛdigʋ mi zina anɛ sibit banɛ ka sɔ’ wʋsa na nyaŋi kɛŋ die tiebig anina, ka ba mɛ buoni ba yɛ sibiti banɛ ban’as bɛdigʋ saŋa biela . sibiti bama tiebid ban’as nɛ sapʋad kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb, ka mɔr banɛ bɛ vʋm nɛ kʋm tɛnsʋk dɔɔdi gɔsidiba tɔ’ɔtɔ’ (ba buoni ba saŋsieba ye “sapʋad nɛ banɛ bɔɔd tiebig zin'ig") sʋnsa’aŋ dim zin’ig ka ba tʋʋma anɛ ba tieb banɛ bɛ kʋm nɛ vʋm pʋʋgini bɔɔd tiebig tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ la ka li da ta’asba kʋm. Tɛŋpʋʋg titada mɔr sibiti nam bɛdigʋ ka ba yaliŋ nɛ ba tʋʋma la’ad la pʋ zɛm taabaa. Sibiti sieba, li kas-kas banɛ bɛ United States nɛ Canada sʋ’ʋlim nam, mɔri ba ban’adnam lɔnam.

District

District sibiti anɛ laafi dɔɔd banɛ bɛ region ban pʋʋgin, mɔr ban’adnam gadis bɛdigʋ tiebid banɛ bɔɔd tiebig tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ nɛ banɛ ka li nar yɛ ba digiliba dabisa ka tiebi ba wʋsa.

California tɛnpʋʋgin, "district hospital" anɛ sibiti banɛ da kɛna World War II nya’aŋ la ye ba sʋŋ ka ban’adnam nyɛ gadisi digin, bɔzʋgɔ, tɛnkpɛmisin sibitinamin la gadis da pɛ’ɛlnɛ.[8][9] Baa zina nwaa, district sibitinam anɛ gɔmɛna sʋ’ʋe ba bɛnɛ tɛn’ɛs piiga nɛ awai (19) banɛ bɛ California sʋ’ʋlim ni la,[8] ka sibiti bibis nam awai (9) mɛ bɛ ba tɛnkpɛmisin ka sibitinam gaad yinnɛ bɛ tɛnpʋʋs la baba.[8] sibitinam pisi nɛ anii (Twenty-eight) banɛ bɛ California tɛnkpɛmisin nɛ sibitinam pisi (20) banɛ ka ba na nyaŋi zɔ paae tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ, anɛ district sibitinam.[9] municipalities la la’asi mɛɛ ba, ka mɔr kpɛɛmnam banɛ ka tɛŋ la dim gaŋi ba ye ba zieni ba nɔba zʋgʋ gaadi ba tuoni gɔsi ba yɛla.[8][9] ba anɛ banɛ tiebid ban’adnam banɛ pʋ mɔr a­waae daag gʋ’ʋ waad gbana nɛ ban’adnam banɛ paas sʋŋir kanɛ ka ba buon Medi-Cal (dinɛ an California Medicaid sʋŋir kanɛ bɛɛ tis banɛ an nɔŋ dim, bʋnkʋda, banɛ mɔr wintadimis, biis banɛ ka’ dʋadiba, nɛ pʋapʋʋs).[8][9] yʋʋm tusayi’, nɛ piinɛ ayi’ (2012), district sibitinam la da tis na’asaatɛŋ ligidi $54 million nɔŋ dim la yɛla California sʋ’ʋlim.[9]

Banɛ bɛi ba kɔn’ɔ

Sibiti banɛ bɛi ba kɔn’ɔ anɛ sibiti banɛ ka ba tʋʋma anɛ ba tieb wisieba ka ka’a wiima wʋsaa.[10] sibitibama sieba anɛ sibiti banɛ lɛbisit ban’ad pʋtɛn’ɛr, biis sibitinam, kpɛɛmnam sibitinam, sibiti banɛ tiebid ban’adnam kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb nɛ sibiti banɛ gɔsid wisieba bɛn, wʋʋ zulɛbin ban’as, dindiig ban’as, sʋsʋnya ban’as, kɔnba ban’as, nɛ ban’a banɛ paas.

Germany tɛŋin, ba buon sibiti bama ye Fachkrankenhaus; li yinnɛ anɛ Fachkrankenhaus Coswig (nya’aŋ kɔnbir tiebig). India sʋ’ʋlim, ban buon sibitibama nɛ ye super-specialty hospitals ka di pa’al ye ba bɛɛ ba kɔn’ nɛ sibiti banɛ tiebid ban’as wʋsa la.[citation needed]

Sibiti banɛ bɛɛ ba kɔn’ɔ ka tiebid ban’a yinnɛ ma’a la an sʋm, fʋ ya’a mak ban nɛ banɛ tiebid ban’as wʋsa la, ban’a yinnɛ sibitinam la sam sɔn’ɔe. Titʋʋni ni, Narayana Health' sʋsʋnya ban’as sibiti dɔɔg la bɛ Bangalore la mɔr baŋir nɛ sʋsʋnya ban’as tiebig ni, ka dinɛ kɛt ka ba nyaŋidi tiebid ban’adnam bɛdigʋ. Sibiti kan mɔr ban’adnam gadis tusa atan’ (3,000) ka mɛ tiebid ban’adnam banɛ mɔr sʋsʋnya ban’as ban tʋsa a tan’ (3,000) yʋʋm pʋʋgin, anina ka ba tiebid nidib bɛdigʋ gati ba taaba dunia wʋsa. [4][11] dʋa’ta nam la diesid nɛ ba nwadig yɔɔd bɛn ka ka’ nɛ ba kaanl ban tieb ninsieba ka yɔɔba, di pa’al ye nidib ya’a zuoe nɛ siem, sibiti kan ni mɔr nyɔɔd ka sam mɛ sie.[11] dʋa’ta yinnɛ wʋsa na tɔn’e gɔs o tʋʋma bɛnni tʋm wʋʋ banɛ maan la’adi tʋm siem la.

Teaching

Teaching hospital dim tisidne ban’adnam laafi  ka mԑ lɛn zamisid sakur biis banԑ bͻͻd ye ba tʋm sibiti ni wԑn wʋʋ nԑԑsnam. Li tʋn’e  ta’al nɛ tima zamisʋg sakur bԑԑ nԑԑsnam zamisʋg sakur, ka li tʋn’e paas nɛ tima vԑԑnsʋg. sakur biis tʋn’e mԑ gͻsid sibiti tʋʋma yela bԑ sibiti la ni.[12]

Sibiti bibis

Sibiti bibis tisidnɛ ban’ad banԑ ka ba pʋ digili ba maa tʋʋma, amaa si’eba tun’e mͻr ban’ad banԑ ka ba digili ba gadis bi’ela nɛ saŋa bi’ela tisidi ba be sibiti la ni.

Sibiti dɔɔd nɛ ba dɔbibis

Sibiti wʋsa mɔr dɔɔg yinnɛ bɛɛ bɛdigʋ ka anina ka ban’adnam gadis bɛi ban’adnam la. Ba mɛ tɔn’e mɔr dɔɔd sieba wʋʋ sapʋat zin’ig, ningbiŋ sɛn’ɛb zin’ig, zin’ig kanɛ ka na gɔsid ban’adnam wʋsa, nɛ dɔɔd nam kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb banɛ mɔr tʋʋma kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb. Tʋmtʋmnib mɛ bɛi tʋm tiim dɔɔdin, fɔɔtɔ la’ad dɔɔdin, wiima nɛ sapʋat dɔɔdin nɛ vɛn’ɛsʋg dɔɔdin. Sibiti sieba mɛ tiebid ban’adnam, ka li ka’ ye ba gbɛ’ sibiti la nii nie bɛʋgɔ, ka din sieba anɛ ban na gɔs ban’ad itiŋ yɛla zin’is, yinna tiebig zin’is nɛ zin’is banɛ ka ba gɔsid ban’ad pʋtɛn’ɛri da digin ban’alim ka o kʋl o yin yɛla.

Sibiti mɛ tɔn’e mɔr nɛɛs nam zin’ig ka ba kpɛɛm an chief nursing officer bɛɛ director of nursing. Bama tʋʋma ane ye ba gɔs ka nɛɛs nam tʋmi ba tʋʋma din nar siem, ka vɛn’ɛs vɛn’ɛsa, ka gɔs wada sʋma tis sibiti la.

Sibitinam sieba mɔr lʋga nam ka ba kpɛɛmnam an nɛɛsnam nɛ medical director ka ba tʋmmi ba tʋʋma nam bɛdigʋ ba zin’isin. Fʋ ya’a kpɛ’ zin’ig kanɛ ka ba gɔsid sapʋat nɛ wibɛda la medical director gɔsid anina tʋʋma, amaa nursing manager tʋʋm anɛ o gɔsid nɛɛsnam la nɛ ba tʋʋma.

Tʋmtʋmnib banɛ paasi sʋŋid la sieba anɛ gbaŋ sɔbidib zin’is, sibiti labaya zin’is, banɛ gɔsid sibiti la’ad zin’ig, banɛ gɔsid diib zin’is, banɛ gɔsid azi’in baanlim zin’is nɛ bani kpɛlim wʋsas.

Bɛ lalli ka gɔsid ban’adnam

COVID-19  wikanɛ da paae dunia wʋsa la da kɛ ka nidib ya’ kilim sibiti nam ka sibiti tʋmtʋmnib naanit sibiti ni tiebidi ba yaan la bɛnɛ British NHS. Ba da bas ban’adnami ba yaan ka kɛnni gɔsidi ba anina, ka gɔsidi ba mɛŋ vʋ’ʋsʋm bɛn nɛ vʋ’ʋsʋm la’ad saŋa kanɛ nar ka telephone sʋŋidi ba ka ba sɔnsid nɛ dʋa’tanam. West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust daa gɔsid nɛ ban’adnam wʋʋ tʋsir nɛ kɔbisyi’ (1200) ba mɛŋ yaan din da yi yʋʋm tʋsayi’, nɛ pisi la nwadis atan’ la nii kɛŋ paae ayʋɔbʋ la ni (March and June 2020) ka gba’ae ye ba na tʋm ala COVID-19 nya’aŋ, sʋŋnɛ banɛ mɔr vʋ’ʋsʋm ban’as yiiga.[13] Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust da pin’ili gɔsid ban’adnam yaan COVID yɛla nɛ yʋʋm tusayi’, nɛ pisi la nwadis anaasi (April 2020) la n. Nwa’ da kɛ ya ka ba nyaŋi gɔs ban’adnam ka ba gaad nidib tusa anu’ (5000) ba mɛŋ yaan. La’a sieba da sʋŋ ka nɛɛsnam bɛɛ banɛ gɔsid ban’adnam la bɛɛ ban’adnam la mɛŋ nyaŋi baŋi ba laafi bɛnni zɛm siem wʋʋ ba vʋ’ʋsʋm bɛn makir, nɛ  mak banɛ kpɛlim.[14]

Laba kʋda

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Yiiga tituuni

Teŋ kanɛ yʋ’ʋri buon India la, Fa Xian, da anɛ Chinese Buddhist monk one da tu’ suori lɔ’ɔŋ India c. AD 400 saŋa, sob tiebʋg zin’is kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb gbana ni.[15] Gbaŋ kanɛ buon Mahavamsa, ka anɛ of Sinhalese royalty gbaŋ kʋdʋg, dine ka ba da sobi li sixth century AD  la pa’al ye, Na’ab Pandukabhaya of Sri Lanka (r. 437–367 BC) da bɛn’ɛ digin yin nɛ sibiti ni (Sivikasotthi-Sala).[16] sibiti ne  medical training center mɛ da bɛ Gundeshapur, tɛnpʋʋg tita’ar dine da bɛ yadagɔbʋg-tuon Sassanid Persian Empire dinɛ da pin’il AD 271 yine Shapur I ni na la.[17] teŋkʋdʋg ancient Greece, winpʋ’ʋs dɔbanɛ ka ba da mɛ tisnɛ winkanɛ ti'ebid ka ba da buon ye Asclepius, bɛɛ Asclepeion da anɛ zin’is banɛ ka so’ na nyaŋi kɛŋ nyɛ laafi sa’alʋg nɛ o niŋgbina ti'ebʋg.[18] Asclepeia nwa’ da yadigi paae Roman Empire. Gomena sibiti nami da kae Roman Empire la, sogianam sibiti nam dinɛ ka ba buon valetudinaria da bɛ ka ba ti'ebid soogia nam nɛ yammisi ba zin’igin la.[19] Kaseta bɛɛ pa’al ye asʋ’ʋ-m-mɛŋ sibiti nam da bɛ ka li da anɛ zak banɛ da an kpan’a nam la da mɛɛd teŋ la kukpeŋ ka li da an zak ban din, amaa, ba da bas tʋʋm kaŋa ne 80 AD.[20]

Sʋʋgin yʋma

Ban da pin’il ye Kristo pʋ’ʋsum anɛ winpʋ’ʋs kanɛ ka Roman Empire siak ka die la, da ke ka sibiti nam nɔbʋg.[21] First Council of Nicaea nya’aŋ AD 325, ba da pin’ili mɛɛd sibiti nam wina'am pʋ’ʋsʋg dɔɔg wʋsa ni, li da dolne Saint Sampson onɛ bɛ Constantinople nɛ Basil, bishop of Caesarea linɛ an Turkey zina la.[22] yʋʋm tusa piiga saŋa la, Constantinople da mɔr sibiti suma ayi’, ka du’ata nam la an pʋab nɛ dab wʋsa. Ban da mɔr la’asuma sieba an tiebig la’ad nɛ dɔɔd kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔbi ti’ebid ban’as kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb.[23]

Yiiga sibiti tita’ar kanɛ da bɛ Islam winpʋ'ʋsidib teŋin da mɛ nɛ yuum Kɔbis nii nɛ anu (805) Baghdad teŋin, ka onɛ da mɛɛ di an Harun Al-Rashid.[24][25] 10th century saŋa la, Baghdad da mɔr sibiti nam anu, ka Damascus mɔr ayuobʋ 15th century saŋa, ka Córdoba ma’a mɔr sibiti titada pisnu (50) ka ba bɛdigʋ anɛ soogianam sibiti. Islamic bimaristan da anɛ ti'ebʋg zin’ig, ka len an biis dʋ'asug nɛ banɛ mɔr gɛɛmis ban’as ti'ebʋg zin’ig. Di yɛlkpan da anɛ ye ba tieb nɔŋ dim, bɔzugɔ, kpan’a dim la da mɔr sibiti nami ba yaan. li da si’iŋ ne saŋkan ka duata nam pin’ili diesid tuuma gbaŋ.[26][27] sibiti da pu mɔr suor ka ba zan’as sɔ’ ti’ebig ye o kulim, on pʋ mɔr ligidi la yɛlaa.[28] Gomɛna da sʋŋid sibiti ban ligidi yɛla, nɛ lʋgir kanɛ buon waqfs la.[29]

India teŋin, gomena sibiti nam da bɛ hali Firuz Shah Tughlaq na’am diib saŋa 14th century saŋa la. Mughal na’ab Jahangir yuum tusa piiga nɛ ayɔpoi la (17th century) da mɛ sibitinam tenpʋtitada ni ka gomɛna yɔɔdi ba nwadig yɔɔd nɛ ba tima ligidi.[30]

China  teŋin, Song Dynasty saŋa la, gomena da pin’ili gɔsid nidib suŋir yɛla dine ka Buddhist monasteries da pun maan la ka lɛn mɛ’ sibitinam nɛ tiim dɔɔd bɛdigʋ.[31]

Yiiga tiakir nɛ Eyrope nini nier

Europe teŋinɛɛ, medieval yɛl si’em Kristo biis pʋ’ʋsim yɛla da tiaknɛ din yi 16th nɛ 17th Century nam la ni yʋ’ʋn lieb dinɛ an secular. England teŋin mɛnɛ, Na’ab Henry anɛ paasi anii daani da widig manoasteries yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnu nɛ pisnaasi (1540) ni la n, karindɔɔg la gu’oeya ka pʋ lɛn sʋŋid sibiti nam ya’asa, ka ba da pʋ siakɛ da an nimbanɛ bɛ London, sibiti banɛ da paamid sʋŋir anɛ St Bartholomew's, St Thomas's nɛ St Mary of Bethlehem's (Bedlam) banɛ da kpi’e nɛ Na’am zupigig la, nɛ’ɛŋa da an yiiga ka sibiti nam la da nyɛ sʋŋiri yi nidib ni.

Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyuobʋ nɛ pisnii nɛ ayi (1682) la ni, Charles onɛ paasi ayi daan la da pin’il Royal Hospital Chelsea ka di an vʋ’ʋsʋg yiri tis Soogia banɛ yi Chelsea Pensioners ka yʋ’ʋn naae ba gɔmina tʋʋma ka kul yin ye ba vʋ’ʋs la, d zin’ikanɛ ka ba da nɔk “sibiti ka di pa’al ye sʋŋir yir.[32] Yʋma piiga nya’aŋ ka Mary onɛ paasi ayi daan la mɛ da pin’il Royal Hospital for Seamen, dinɛ da bɛ Greenwich, ye o pʋtɛn’ɛkan nɔɔ yɛla.[33]

Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnii nɛ pisi la ni ka ba da mɛ Guy's Hospital bɛ London, sibiti kanɛ an yiiga ka nidib nɔki ba pʋtɛnda la’as taaba mɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisi nɛ anaasi (1724) la ni ka di an Ruins tis Hospital San Nicolás de Bari dinɛ bɛ Santo Domingo, bɛ Dominican Republic, ka UNESCO da nyɛ ka di an sibiti kʋdʋg tis America dim.[34][35] Ba da mɛɛ linɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnu nɛ piini anaasi (1514) nɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnu nɛ pisnaasi nɛ yinne (1541) la ni. Pennsylvania Hospital (dinɛ yʋ’ʋm paas University of Pennsylvania nimma’asim yɛla ni la).[36][37] Di da pin’ilnɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnu nɛ yinne (1751) la ni, dinɛ an yiiga gɔmina sibiti ka ba da yɔ’ɔg bɛ United States. Di mɛ lɛn anɛ zin’ikanɛ ka America yiiga amphitheatre opiresin da bɛ ka lɛn an yiiga tima buorʋg.

Ala’asi yɔ’ɔg sibiti dim ka di yʋ’ʋr an voluntary hospital movement la da pin’ilnɛ 18th Century la ni ka da pin’li mɛ sibiti nam yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisi (1720) la ni, la’anɛ Westminster Hospital (1719) ka private bank C. Hoare & Co da sʋŋi di  nɛ Guy's Hospital (1724) dinɛ ka arezak daan, Thomas Guy da nɔki di sam la.

Ba da mɛ sibit sieba mɛn London nɛ British tensieba, ka asʋ’ʋ-m-mɛŋ dim da yɔ ɔ ba sieba sam bɛdigʋ. St Bartholomew sibiti kanɛ bɛ London, ba da maligim mɛɛ li yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pistan (1730) ti paae yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnu nɛ awai (1759) la ni,[38] ka London Hospital la, Whitechapel, dim da yɔ’ɔgi di yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnu nɛ ayi (1752) la ni.

Sibiti bama da zi’eni tis lʋgʋr la; ba da pin’ili tiakid yit nimma’asim zin’igi keŋ zin’ibanɛ ka ba zamisid ka pa’an nidib ka ba liebid nimma’asim tʋntʋnnib. Nintitada banɛ mɔr mi’ilim da dɔlisid ani kɛt ka nidib paamid baŋir mɛn.[39] Ba mɛ da nɔbʋgi yi vʋ’ʋsʋg ya lieb zin’ibanɛ ka ba tsid baŋir ka ti’ebid ban’as buudi wʋsa. Frederick onɛ gaad tuon ka yi Prussia la da pin’il Charité bɛnɛ Berlin yʋʋm tʋsir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ piiga (1710) la ni ye ba ti’eb ban’akanɛ da gbirigi kena la.

Sibiti banɛ ka nidib da ɛɛnti la’asi yɔ’ɔg yʋ’ʋn da widigi gilig Colonial America; Bellevue Hospital dinɛ bɛ New York City la da yɔ’ɔgnɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisntan nɛ ayuobʋ (1736), da pin’ili anɛ tʋʋma yir ka yuolim kiim sibiti; Pennsylvania Hospital dinɛ bɛ Philadelphia la da yɔ’ɔgnɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnu nɛ ayi (1752) la ni, New York Hospital, ka ba yʋ’ʋm buon ye Weill Cornell Medical Center[40] dinɛ bɛ New York City la mɛ da yɔ’ɔgnɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyɔpɔi nɛ yinne (1771) la ni, ka Massachusetts General Hospital dinɛ bɛ Boston la da pin’il yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnii nɛ piinɛ yinne (1811) la ni.

Vienna General Hospital da yɔ’ɔg yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnii nɛ anaasi (1784) la ni ye di an dunia wʋsa sibiti, zin’ikanɛ ka banɛ bɔɔd ye ba zamis nimma’asim tʋʋma yɛla na nyaŋi maali ba vɛɛnsʋg sʋ’ʋŋa.[41]

Nini nier saŋa nɛ tiakir yinne kena mɛ anɛ; bama da ti’ebid banɛ an tadimnam ka laafi kae la zaalim ka ba pʋ yɔɔd si’ela. London Dispensary da yɔ’ɔgnɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyuobʋ nɛ piswai nɛ ayuobʋ (1696) la ni ka di an yiiga sibiti bil tis British Empire. Pʋtɛn’kaŋa da pʋ nie tɔ’ ti paae yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyɔpɔi (1770) saŋa,[42] ka la’asbama buudi da pin’ili niedna la, la’anɛ Public Dispensary dinɛ bɛ Edinburgh (ka ba da mɛ yʋʋm tusir, kbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyɔpɔi (1776) la ni), Metropolitan Dispensary nɛ Charitable Fund (ka ba da maal yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyɔpɔi nɛ awai (1779) la ni) nɛ Finsbury Dispensary (ka ba da pin’il yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnii (1780) ni la). Ba yʋ’ʋn da yɔ’ɔs tima dɔɔd bɛ New York yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyɔpɔi nɛ yinne (1771) la ni, Philadelphia yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnii nɛ ayuobʋ (1786) la ni, nɛ Boston yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ piswai nɛ ayuobʋ (1796) la ni.[43]

Royal Naval Hospital, Stonehouse, Plymouth, da yɔ’ɔg suor ka ba yʋ’ʋm pin’ili mɛɛd sʋga sibiti nam ni ye di sʋŋi sie ban’asi lɔmisid si’em. John Wesley da kaae yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnii nɛ anu (1785), ka yɛl ye "M nan zi’i nyɛ nɛ’ buudi zin’isi’a ka di an mummi; luos la wʋsa anɛ nyain, ka sɔ’ ya’a nyɛ di o kʋkɔr bɛɛ di ni. " Tiakir maalkaŋa da kɛ ka nidib maligim baŋ John Howard onɛ sʋŋid nidib la bɛdigʋ. Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnii nɛ ayɔpɔ (1787) la ni ka French gɔmina da tʋm gbammi’idib ayi ye ba an tuon gatib, Coulomb nɛ Tenon, banɛ da kaae sibiti nam bɛdigʋ banɛ bɛ Europe.[44] Ba sunya da ma’aeya nɛ ban nyɛ sʋga la ka ba da maal si’em tʋ’as dinɛ bɛ France la nɛ Europe wʋsa.

19th century

Na'asaatɛŋ dua’ta, onɛ yʋ'ʋri buon Thomas Percival yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnaasi (1740) paae yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnii nɛ anaasi(1804) da sɔb dua’tanam tʋʋma nɛ ba itima nar ye ba an si'em, Medical Ethics; bɛɛ  dua’tanam wadaor, wada banɛ da bɛ tisnɛ dua’ta banɛ gɔsid tima yɛla nɛ dua’ta banɛ nwa’asid ka sɛn’ɛd ninsaal ningbina yʋʋm  tusir, kɔbisnii nɛ atan’a la(1803), ka ba da pin’ili sɔb gbana ni.[45] Yʋʋm tusir, piinɛ awai (19th century), sibitinam nɛ ba tʋmtʋmnib da pin’ili mɔr tʋʋma gbaŋ, ka sibiti ni kpɛn’ɛb yʋ’ʋn mɔr wada bɛdigʋb, ka kpɛŋ kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb. Apothecaries Act 1815 wada da kɛ ka li an yɛlkpan ye banɛ zamisid dua’ta tʋʋma tʋm tis gɔmɛna yʋm tis gɔmɛna yʋʋm pʋsʋk bɛɛ li gaad ala, ka li paas nɛ ba zamisʋg pʋʋgin.[46]

Florence Nightingale da an one gaad tuoni gɔs dua’tanam zamisig yɛla Crimean War saŋa, ka li da anɛ titʋʋni pa’al nimbaanlzɔɔr, a-pɛsigim-mɛŋi sʋŋ ban’adnam, ka sibitinam yʋ’ʋn mɔr sibiti kpɛɛmnam kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb. Sakur kanɛ da pin’ili pa’an dua’tanam bɛɛ nɛɛsnam ka ba buon, Nightingale sakur kanɛ an nɛɛsnam din la, da yɔ’ɔg nɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnii nɛ pisyuobʋ (1860), ka ba yɛlkpan an ye ba pa’al nɛɛnam la ka ba tʋm sibitinam ni, ka mɛ pa’al banɛ an nɔŋ dim la.[47] Nightingale da sit nyaŋi tiak sibitinami da an siem la, li da sʋŋ nyain bɛilim yela, ka mɛ tiak nidib pʋtɛnda da an ye sibiti ni anɛ kʋʋm zin’ig la ka ba baŋ ye ba lɛɛ anɛ laafi nyɛɛb zin’ig. O da lɛn sʋŋ ka ba nɔk ban’adnam kanl ka di nar, bɔzʋgɔ, dinɛ na kɛ ka ba baŋ ban’adnam banɛ nyɛ laafi dɔlisid tiebig kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb ni. Nwa’a da kɛ ya ka sibitinam nyɛ tiakir bɛdigʋ.[48]

Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai (19th century) naar la, sibiti bɛda la da pin’il nɛ nɔbigit, ka gɔmɛna sibitinam bɛ ka a-sʋʋm-mɛŋ sibitinam mɛ kɛna kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb. Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnii nɛ pisyɔpɔi saŋa la (1870s), sibitinam da mɔr paŋ kanɛ ka ba na nyaŋi gɔs ban’adnam abʋnaasi gaad yiigin ka ba da na nyaŋi gɔs nɛ ban’adnam tusa atan’ (3,000) ma’a la. Tengbaŋ tita’ar linɛ am Europe la, ba da mɛ sibiti paala, tɛŋ la nidib sʋŋi ba nɛ ligidi. National Health Service, banɛ an lʋgʋr tita’ar kanɛ gɔsid laafi yela bɛ United Kingdom, da pin’il nɛ yuum tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisnaasi nɛ anii (1948). Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai la (nineteenth century), dʋa’tanam sakur kanɛ tial ayi’ ka ba buon Viennese Medical School da kɛna sʋŋ dʋ’tanam bɛdigʋ ka ba sieba an Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky, Josef Škoda, Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra, nɛ Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis. Dinɛ lɛn paas yaas anɛ yiiga ka ba zamis dʋa’tanam ka ba gɔsid nini, nyɔnya, nɛ kʋkɔya wimanam yɛla nɛ ba sibiti dɔɔd da pin’ili bɛ Vienna, ka nidib gɔs ka ye anina ka tima nɛ di ka’abuudi yina.[49]

20th century nɛ di nya’aŋ

Sankanɛ ka sumbʋgʋsʋm bɛ, sibiti nam an zanbina. 'H' piel ka di nya’aŋ la wʋsa an bʋlʋ an dinɛ ka ba mɔri pa’an sibiti bɛ United States. Soogia nam zaba saŋa, ba ɛɛnti nɔknɛ dapuuda zɛn’ɛg, red crescent bɛɛ red crystal dɔlisid zi’esim kanɛ bɛ Geneva Conventions ni.

19th century nɛ 20th century nam pin’ilʋgin, tiakir nimma’asim yɛla nwɛnɛ anesthesia nɛ sterile suobanɛ ka ba dɔlisid maan opiresin pʋ lɛm mɔr daʋŋ bɛdigʋ ya’asa, ya’asa masin banɛ mɔri pa’an ban’asi yi zin’isi’a nwɛnɛ X-ray nam bɛ zin’is bɛdigʋ, ka kɛ ka sibiti nam yʋ’ʋn mɔr kʋkɔr ti’ebʋgʋ an na’ana la zug.[50]

Yʋʋm lɛbigir sibiti nam makid zi’esim nam bɛdigʋ nwɛnɛ ban na nyaŋi nɔk nidib si’em, sankanɛ ka ba na gbɛn’ sibiti la ni bɛn, sankanɛ ka du’ata na t’ebi ba, ban’adnam na paam ban bɔɔd si’el ka di siaki ba, du’ata tʋʋma, ban na lɛn di’e ban’adi digil ya’as, ban’adbanɛ gbɛɛnd sibiti la ni ka maal ka’alim kanl, nɛ yɛla kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb.[51]

United States ni, sibiti nam yʋ’ʋn da nɔbʋgya hali paae di bɛn yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisnii nɛ yinne (1981) la ni ka ba da digil nidib  kɔbʋga nɛ pisyɔpɔi nɛ yinne (171) America dim nidib tusir yinne (1,000) pʋʋgin nɛ sibiti nam tusa ayuobʋ, kɔbiswai nɛ pistan nɛ atan (6,933).[50] Nɛ’ da fɛndigya sie ka nimbanɛ ka ba da di’esid digin sibiti ni da sie gaad nwɛnɛ piiga kɔbiga pʋʋgin (10%) ka sibiti banɛ da bɛ US la sie yi Tusa ayuobʋ, kɔbiswai nɛ pistan nɛ atan (6,933) yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisnii nɛ yinne (1981) la ni keŋ Tusa anu, kɔbisnu nɛ pistan nɛ anaasi (5,534) yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piinɛ ayuobʋ (2016) la ni.[52] Ba da gbɛɛndi ani la da sie nwɛnɛ pisyɔpɔi nɛ ayɔpɔi kɔbiga pʋʋgin (77%) yʋʋm tusir kɔbiswai nɛ pisnii (1980) la ni lɛb pisyuobʋ kɔbiga pʋʋgin (60%) yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piinɛ atan (2013) la ni.[53]

Yɛlbama zug ta’as ka sibiti nam pɛ’ɛl zin’ig wʋsa la’anɛ nidib yaan bɛɛ du’ata ɔfis nam ni ka sibiti nam pʋ lɛn zi’e wʋrʋgin ka nidib[50][54] nyɛt nɛ ba nini. US nii, ban’ad tun’e gbɛn’ sibiti gadʋg zug ka ba lɛɛ pʋ di’e o digilɛ ka lɛɛ gɔsid o.[55]

U.S. nii, ban’adnam banɛ ka ba digil la Medicare Part A ɛɛnti sʋ’oe ba sa, amaa sibiti la mɛ tun’e digil sɔ’ ye ba gɔs o ka Medicare Part B sʋ’ʋe sam kan, ka kɛ ka ban’ad la sam ligidi paas.[55] Yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piinɛ atan (2013) la ni, Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) da pin’il "two-midnight" wada tis bana’abanɛ ka ba digili ba sibiti la ni,[56] ye ba sie nidibi na kena zu’oe sibiti la ni ka ba mɔr ligidbanɛ pʋʋd.[55]  Ba da bas wadkaŋa yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piinɛ anii (2018) la ni.[56] Yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piinɛ ayuobʋ (2016) nɛ yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piinɛ ayɔpɔi (2017) la ni, nimma’asim yɛla da tiakya hali ka nidib banɛ ken ka ba digini ba kanl sie hali ka dinzug ka US sibiti nam la da pʋ lɛm mɔr ligidi ya’asa.[57] Sibiti bibis banɛ mɔr gadis nwɛnɛ anii keŋ paae piinɛ anu, yʋ’ʋn nɔbʋgʋdi paasid bɛ United States.[58] Alamɛnɛ, dɔbanɛ ka ba na nɔk banɛ ban’asi wʋmi ba kpɛn’ɛs ka digili ba yʋ’ʋn da paam nu’ug yʋʋm tusir, nɛ kɔbisyɔpɔi la saŋa (1970)[59] ka din yi sankana di yaligya ka widigi gilig United States wʋsa.[59]

Catholic Church an asʋ’ʋ-m-ɛŋ lʋgʋr kanɛ mɛ nimma’asim zin’is bɛdigʋ dunia wʋsa ni.[60] Di mɔr nimma’asim zin’is nwɛnɛ sibiti bibis Tusa piinɛ anii (18,000), Bʋnkʋda nɛ pʋnya’as ya nwɛnɛ Tusa piinɛ ayuobʋ (16,000) ka banɛ mɔr gbɛlima kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb la mɛ an nwɛnɛ Tusa anu nɛ kɔbisnu (5,500) ka kɔbiga pʋʋgin, pisyuobʋ nɛ anu (65%) bɛ tembanɛ nam pʋ nɔbʋgɛ ni na.[61] Yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piiga (2010) la nii, Pʋ’ʋsim la Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers da yɛl ye pʋ’ʋsim la gɔsid nimma’asim zin’is pisi nɛ ayuobʋ kɔbʋga pʋʋgin (26%).[62]

Ba ligidi  yit siel na

Sibitinam zina nyɛti ba ligidi nɛ sʋŋiri yit zin’is kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb. Ba nyɛt ligidi yitnɛ nidibi ti'ebid ka yɔɔd nii nɛ nimma'asim nwaae daag gu' waad bɛɛ gɔmɛna san’an nɛ a-sʋ’ʋ-m-mɛŋ dim sʋŋir pʋʋgin.

United Kingdom sʋ’ʋlim ni, ba nimma’asim lʋgir la gɔsidi ba nidib laafi yɛla zaalim ka ba pʋ yɔɔd si'el-si'ela, ka banɛ ka ba ti'ebʋg mɛ anɛ gbirigir ka ba ya’a pʋ ti'ebi ba tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ ka ba tɔn’ɔ kpi la ti'ebʋg mɛ ka’ ba yɔ’ɔ ligidi ka ba yaan ti'ebidi baa, li ba’a kae nɛ nid la yit tɛŋ si'a na bɛɛ o zi'esim an si'em. Sibitinam la mɔr la’ad sieba tʋm la pʋ zu'oe na paae sɔ’ wʋsa la, teŋ sieba nii, banɛ wiim sɔn’ɔe la tuund lai ka nyaan paam ti'ebʋg, ka banɛ mɛ mɔr ligidi ka na nyaŋi kɛŋa a-sʋ’ʋ-m-mɛŋ sibiti namin la ba on kɛŋ anina ka ba ti'ebi ba tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ.[63]

United States sʋ’ʋlim ni, sibitinam tita’am anɛ a-sʋ’ʋm-mɛŋ sibiti nam, ka bɛdigʋ mɛ tʋm nɛ ye ba nyɛ nyɔɔd, ba yinnɛ anɛ HCA Healthcare.[64] La’ad banɛ ka sibiti dim la mɔr nɛ ba ligidi an si'em la la’as nɛ bɛ gbaŋ yinnɛ kanɛ ka ba buon chargemaster la; amaa, la’ad la ligidi pʋ zɛm taabaa, sibitinam la bɛ taaba pʋʋsin la yɛla.[65] Wada pa’al ye sibiti dim faan’e onɛ wa’ae kʋm ka kɛn’ɛ ba san’an’na vʋʋm bas, baa o sɔba ya’a pʋ mɔr ligidi na yɔɔ.[66] a-sʋ’ʋ-m-mɛŋ sibiti nam banɛ san’an ka banɛ bɛ kʋm-nɛ-vʋm pʋʋgin kɛnni ba san’an la nwɛ’ɛd nɛ sam, ka li kas-kas anɛ Hurricane Katrina yɛlkanɛ da naam la.[64]

Tʋʋmsʋma nɛ laafi nyɛɛb

Sibitinam la sit na nyaŋi sʋŋ banɛ kɛnni ba san’ana ka ba paam laafi anɛ yɛlkpan kanɛ ka dunia wʋsas gɔsidi li yɛla, sibitinam nɔk nwa’a ka li an yɛlkpan hali ba tʋʋma ni. Ban na nɔk nimbanɛ pʋ paasi ba tʋʋma  la nii ka ba vɛɛnsi gɔs ye laafi tʋmtʋmnib la tʋm ka li dɔl suor bɛɛ li pʋ dɔlla anɛ suor kanɛ na nyaŋi sit baŋ ye ba tʋʋma an tituaa bɛe li ka’a tituaa nɛ, lina zug ka ti mɔr kpɛɛm sieba ka ban tʋʋma an ye ba gɔs sibitinam la mɔr la’ad sieba nɛ ba tʋmtʋmnib la as siem, ka nyaan bas suor ka ba tʋmi ba tʋʋma. Dunia zin’is bɛdigʋ nii, kpɛɛmnam banɛ tʋm tʋʋm  kan la ka’a ba mɛŋ teŋ nidiba, ka ba buoni li ye international healthcare accreditation, ka ba sieba an Accreditation Canada bɛ Canada, Joint Commission bɛ U.S., Trent Accreditation Scheme bɛ Great Britain, nɛ Haute Autorité de santé (HAS) banɛ bɛ France. England tɛŋin la, kpɛɛmnam banɛ gɔsid sibitinam la anɛ Care Quality Commission. Yʋʋm tusa ayi, nɛ pisi (2020) la, ba da gɔs ka diib banɛ ka ba kuosid an nimmua, bɔzugɔ, nidib ayɔpɔi da kpi bɛ listeria ka li da anɛ diib banɛ ka ba kiim lɔ’ bɛɛ ba dʋk nɛ niŋ di sieba pʋʋgin ka ba buon sandwiches nɛ salads yʋʋm tusa ayi’, nɛ piiga nɛ awai (2019) ni la yɛla, ba da yɛt ye “ningbina maalʋg nɛ kuom sʋŋid ban’ad ka o mɔr laafi."[67]

World Health Organization da yis gbaŋ yʋʋm tusayi, nɛ piinɛ yinnɛ (2011) ye nid ya’a iand agɔl gba sɔn’ɔe ban na die o digil sibiti ni. Dunia wʋsa, ban na ti'eb  ban’ad ka li pʋ dɔlli suorɛ anɛ piiga, pudigir kɔbiga pʋʋgin (10%), ka ninsaali na dɔl ti'eb kaŋa buudi kpi mɛ anɛ nid yinnɛ, nidib kɔbistan’ (300) wʋsa puugin. Onɛ ka ba buon ye Liam Donaldson yel ye sibiti ban’adnam ayɔpɔi pʋdigir kɔbiga pʋʋgin (7%) nyɛt ban’as gba yit sibitinam ni, tɛŋ titada ni, ka ban’adnam piiga pʋdigir kɔbiga pʋʋgin (10%) nyɛt ban’asi yit sibitinamin tɛŋ banɛ nan pʋ nɔbigi paae ba bɛn la ni. Tɛŋ kanɛ buon U.S. ni, nidib 1.7 million ka ban’as gba’ae ba dɔlisi yinɛ sibiti ni, ka li kɛ ka nidib tusa kɔbiga (100,000) kpi, nwa’a da gaad Europe ka nidib 4.5 million da nyɛ ban’asi yi sibiti ni, ka nidib tusa pistan’ nɛ ayɔpɔi da kpi (37,000) la.[68]

Sibiti dɔɔd mɛɛb

Ba mɛ’ sibiti dɔɔd zina nwa ye li sʋŋi sie sibiti tʋmtʋmnib tʋʋma, ka mɛ sie ban’as banɛ na nyaŋi gba’ae nidib sibitinam ni, ka li sʋŋ ka sibiti tʋʋma nʋʋma nyaŋi  kɛŋ tuon. Sibiti tʋmtʋmnibi na bɛ lalli sa ka kɛn sibiti ni nɛ ban’ad banɛ ka ba tɔlisidi ba sibiti titada ni na nyaŋi kɛŋ paae sibiti ban ni tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ yʋ’ʋn anɛ na’ana’a. Sibiti mɛɛb nii, bam aal zin’is ye ba digil la’ad tɛbisa nɛ la’a titada wʋsa, nɛ lɔkani ka ba na sɛn’ɛd fɛn’ɛd, ka mɛ bas paalʋ niŋ bʋgʋm nɛ kuom win’is, ka paalʋ mɛ bɛ ka ba na kpa’asid sa’adi bat anina.[69]

La’annɛ wala, sibitinam bɛdigʋ bɛ, baa ban ye ba anɛ sibiti titada la, ba pʋ nyaŋi gɔsidi li tʋʋma titʋaa nɛ ka ba pʋ nɔbigida yʋʋma bɛdigʋ, na nan kpɛn mɛɛd dɔɔdi paasid wʋʋ ba ligidi zɛm siem bɛn la. Linzug, Dutch tɛŋ nid onɛ gɔsidi ba mɛɛb nam yel ka o yʋ’ʋr buon Cor Wagenaar buon sibitinam bɛdigʋ ye:

"... yɛla dɔɔd, dɔɔd titada banɛ ka ba mɛ ka li nar ye fʋ dɔl suor wɔk ka nyaan nyɛ tiebik, ka ba pʋ lɛn tʋmmi ba tʋʋma linɛ yɛl ka ba mɛ dɔɔd la ziel la ... Ba pʋ lɛn tʋmmi ba tʋʋmaa, ban naani kɛɛn ka ban’ad sʋnya ma’ae la, ba sa’amidi ba sʋnya ka kɛt ka ba gɛn’ɛd."[70]

Sibiti paala sieba yʋ’ʋn mɔɔd ye ba mɛ dɔɔd la ka ba’adnam sunya nɛ ba pʋtɛnda nyaŋi digin ban’alim, ka ban maal siel anɛ ba kɛt ka pɛbisim bɛ bɛ sibitinam la ni ka mɛ ziel la’a vɛnla anina. Pʋtɛn’ɛr kaŋa da si’iŋ nɛ hali yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnii (eighteenth century) saŋa sa, ka ba da pin’ili tɛn’ɛs ka li an sʋm ka pɛbisim bɛ tiebig zin’isin, ala ka ban’adnam na paami ba laafi tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ, linzug ka banɛ mɛɛd sibitinam la yʋ’ʋn paas ya’am kaŋa sibitinam mɛɛb pʋʋgin.[70]

British Medical Association vɛn’ɛs vɛn’ɛsʋg ka li pa’al ye sibiti banɛ mɛ’ titʋaa la kɛt ka ban’adnam nyɛt laafi tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ. Nɛɛsim ya’a bɛ ban’adnam zi’igin li kɛt ka ba tammidi ba yɛltɛn’ɛsa.[71] Dab mɔri ba dɔɔgi ba kɔn’ɔ ka pʋab mɛ mɔri ba dɔɔgi ba kɔn’ɔ kɛt ka ban’adnam nyaŋidi sʋadi ba nyan. Sibiti la na bɛ paalʋ ni bɛɛ ban na sɛ’ tiis nami gilig anina mɛ anɛ yɛlkpan – ban’adnam ya’a na nyaŋi dɔlis takɔrɔ ni gɔs yiŋ kɛt ka ba sʋnya malis ka siedi ba zidʋtʋm ban’as nɛ ba gɛn’ɛlis. Takɔrɔ nam ya’a yɔɔsi bas ban’adnam dɔɔgin mɛ kɛt ka pɛbisim kpɛ’ɛdi ba ka ba ningbina sʋnla tɔmisid titʋaa.[72][73] dɔɔd nam la ya’a pʋ lal nɛ taaba mɛ kɛt ka nɛɛsnam nɛ sibiti tʋmtʋmnib gɛn’ɛlis sied.[74]

Dinɛ lɛn paas anɛ ban tiak ka li lɛn ka’ yɛ nid yinnɛ mɔr o dɔɔg la (nwa’a kɛ ka ban’adnam bɛ dɔɔg yinnɛ ni bɛdigʋ, ka ba lɛɛ bas paalʋ gadis la tɛnsʋk ye ba dɔlli gat) ka lɛn ka’ nɛ yɛ ban’ad yinnɛ wʋsa mɔr o dɔɔgɔ. Ban’adnam ya’a la’asi bɛ la mɔr sʋŋir hali tisnɛ tʋmtʋmnib la, amaa ban’adnam lɛɛ gɔs ka li kɛt nɛ ka ba gɛn’ɛd, bɔzʋgɔ ba pʋ tɔn’e sʋadi ba nyannɛ. Yɛlkanɛ bɛ ka sibitinam kʋ nyaŋi tis ban’ad wʋsaa ɔ dɔgʋn la anɛ mɛɛb la ligidi zuoe nɛ galis, ka sibiti kan sam kʋ an sam billa; nwa’a kɛ ka sibitinam diesid ban’adnam banɛ bɔɔdi ba dɔgʋn la ligidi ka tisidi ba dɔɔd la.[75]

Gbanvɛɛnsa

dɛmisim gbɛlima
  1. ↑ "Hospitals". World Health Organization. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  2. ↑ "India's 'production line' heart hospital". bbcnews.com. 1 August 2010. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  3. ↑ Hall, Daniel (December 2008). "Altar and Table: A phenomenology of the surgeon-priest". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 81 (4): 193–98. PMC 2605310. PMID 19099050. Although physicians were available in varying capacities in ancient Rome and Athens, the institution of a hospital dedicated to the care of the sick was a distinctly Christian innovation rooted in the monastic virtue and practise of hospitality. Arranged around the monastery were concentric rings of buildings in which the life and work of the monastic community was ordered. The outer ring of buildings served as a hostel in which travellers were received and boarded. The inner ring served as a place where the monastic community could care for the sick, the poor and the infirm. Monks were frequently familiar with the medicine available at that time, growing medicinal plants on the monastery grounds and applying remedies as indicated. As such, many of the practicing physicians of the Middle Ages were also clergy.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lovoll, Odd (1998). A Portrait of Norwegian Americans Today. U of Minnesota Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-8166-2832-2.
  5. ↑ Cassell's Latin Dictionary, revised by J. Marchant & J. Charles, 260th. thousand.
  6. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2605310
  7. ↑ Hall, Daniel (December 2008). "Altar and Table: A phenomenology of the surgeon-priest". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 81 (4): 193–98. PMC 2605310. PMID 19099050. Although physicians were available in varying capacities in ancient Rome and Athens, the institution of a hospital dedicated to the care of the sick was a distinctly Christian innovation rooted in the monastic virtue and practise of hospitality. Arranged around the monastery were concentric rings of buildings in which the life and work of the monastic community was ordered. The outer ring of buildings served as a hostel in which travellers were received and boarded. The inner ring served as a place where the monastic community could care for the sick, the poor and the infirm. Monks were frequently familiar with the medicine available at that time, growing medicinal plants on the monastery grounds and applying remedies as indicated. As such, many of the practicing physicians of the Middle Ages were also clergy.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 "Our Background". District Hospital Leadership Forum. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Knox, Dennis. "District Hospitals' Important Mission". Payers &–° Providers. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  10. ↑ "Specialty Hospital Update" (PDF). National Public Radio. 2004. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
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  14. ↑ "Modern technology reduces hospital admissions". Building Better Healthcare. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  15. ↑ Legge, James (1965). A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fâ-Hien of his Travels in India and Ceylon (AD 399–414) in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline. Dev Publishers & Distributors.
  16. ↑ Arjuna Aluvihare, "Rohal Kramaya Lovata Dhayadha Kale Sri Lankikayo" Vidhusara Science Magazine, November 1993.
  17. ↑ The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 22:2 Mehmet Mahfuz Söylemez, The Gundeshapur School: Its History, Structure, and Functions, p. 3.
  18. ↑ Risse, G.B. Mending bodies, saving souls: a history of hospitals. 1990. p. 56
  19. ↑ Ziegler, Tiffany A., Tiffany A. Ziegler, and Troyanos. Medieval Healthcare and the Rise of Charitable Institutions. Springer International Publishing, 2018, 33
  20. ↑ (Guenter Risse, Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals, 47–48).
  21. ↑ an Pelikan, Jaroslav (13 August 2022). "Christianity: Curing and caring for the sick". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  22. ↑ Catholic Encyclopedia – [1] (2009) Accessed April 2011.
  23. ↑ Byzantine medicine
  24. ↑ Husain F. Nagamia, [Islamic Medicine History and Current practise], (2003), p. 24.
  25. ↑ Glubb, Sir John Bagot (1969), A Short History of the Arab Peoples, retrieved 25 January 2008
  26. ↑ Miller, Andrew C (2006). "Jundi-Shapur, bimaristans, and the rise of academic medical centres". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 99 (12): 615–617. doi:10.1177/014107680609901208. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 1676324. PMID 17139063. Another lasting advancement made during this time period was that of physician licensure. In 931 AD Caliph Al-Muqtadir learned that a patient had died in Baghdad as a result of a physician's error. Consequently, he ordered Sinan ibn Thabit to examine all those who practiced the art of healing. Of the 860 medical practitioners he examined, 160 failed. From that time on, licensing examinations were required and administered in various places. Licensing boards were set up under a government official called Muhtasib, or inspector general. The chief physician gave oral and practical examinations, and if the young physician was successful, the Muhtasib administered the Hippocratic Oath and issued a license to practice medicine.
  27. ↑ Alatas, Syed Farid (2006). "From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue". Current Sociology. 54 (1): 112–32. doi:10.1177/0011392106058837. S2CID 144509355.
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  31. ↑ Goldschmidt, Asaf (2023). "Reacting to Epidemics: The Innovative Imperial Public Health System during the Late Northern Song Dynasty". Chinese Medicine and Culture. 6 (1): 68–75. doi:10.1097/MC9.0000000000000041.
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  34. ↑ "Colonial City of Santo Domingo. Outstanding Universal Value". UNESCO World Heritage Centre website.
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  37. ↑ "NPGallery Digital Asset Management System: Pennsylvania Hospital", National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, retrieved 30 July 2019
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  39. ↑ Reinarz, Jonathan (2007). "Corpus Curricula: Medical Education and the Voluntary Hospital Movement". Brain, Mind and Medicine: Essays in Eighteenth-Century Neuroscience. pp. 43–52. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70967-3_4. ISBN 978-0-387-70966-6.
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  42. ↑ Freeman GK (2017). "Books: The Dispensaries: Healthcare for the Poor Before the NHS: Britain's Forgotten Health-care System: Dispensaries: An Alternative to General Practice?". Br J Gen Pract. 67 (655): 81. doi:10.3399/bjgp17X689281. PMC 5308110. PMID 28126876.
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Gbambanɛ ni ka labaya la yi

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Sibiti yɛla lakʋda

dɛmisim gbɛlima
  • Brockliss, Lawrence, and Colin Jones. "The Hospital in the Enlightenment", in The Medical World of Early Modern France (Oxford UP, 1997), pp. 671–729; covers France 1650–1800
  • Chaney, Edward (2000), "'Philanthropy in Italy': English Observations on Italian Hospitals 1545–1789", in: The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance, 2nd ed. London, Routledge, 2000.
  • Connor, J.T.H. "Hospital History in Canada and the United States", Canadian Bulletin of Medical History, 1990, Vol. 7 Issue 1, pp. 93–104
  • Crawford, D.S. Bibliography of Histories of Canadian hospitals and schools of nursing.
  • Gorsky, Martin. "The British National Health Service 1948–2008: A Review of the Historiography", Social History of Medicine, December 2008, Vol. 21 Issue 3, pp. 437–60
  • Harrison, Mar, et al. eds. From Western Medicine to Global Medicine: The Hospital Beyond the West (2008)
  • Horden, Peregrine. Hospitals and Healing From Antiquity to the Later Middle Ages (2008)
  • McGrew, Roderick E. Encyclopedia of Medical History (1985
  • Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, vol. 3, Routledge ISBN 978-0-415-12410-2
  • Porter, Roy. The Hospital in History, with Lindsay Patricia Granshaw (1989) ISBN 978-0-415-00375-9
  • Risse, Guenter B. Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals (1999); world coverage
  • Rosenberg, Charles E. The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America's Hospital System (1995); history to 1920
  • Scheutz, Martin et al. eds. Hospitals and Institutional Care in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (2009)
  • Wall, Barbra Mann. American Catholic Hospitals: A Century of Changing Markets and Missions (Rutgers University Press, 2011). ISBN 978-0-8135-4940-8
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