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Nɔɔs gʋ'ʋlʋg

Nua bɛnɛ bʋn-ianda bɛ bʋnkɔnbid dɔɔg la ni. Nidib gʋ'ʋni banɛ yaan ni'im nɛ gɛla yɛla zin'is bɛdigʋ. Ba na nyaɳi ianknɛ bi'ela, ka sieba gbɛɛdnɛ tiis zut amaa, Kusaa nɔɔ wʋsa gbɛɛndnɛ zɔŋ pʋʋg, bʋlʋgin bɛɛ buaanam ni.

hen
animal with specific gender
Subclass ofGallus gallus domesticus, poultry, female organism Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Has usechicken as food, egg as food Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Followed bychicken egg Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Has characteristicfemale organism Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Opposite ofrooster Dɛmisim gbɛlima

Ti mɔr nɔraug, nɔdaʋ kanɛ siak dʋʋb. Ka mɛn lɛn mɔr nɔnya'aŋ, ka nɔkaŋa buudi anɛ onɛ yi'et gɛla ka um gɛla la. Ti mɔr nɔribig, nɛ mɛn anɛ nɔrabil kanɛ ka du'on na, ka nɔsa'a an nɔnya'aŋ bil onɛ na du'on na. bɛdigʋ.

Nɔɔs tʋʋma

dɛmisim gbɛlima
  1. Nɔɔs nyɛ'ɛt gɛla ka di wiakid nɔbibis, nidib mɛn mɔr gɛlla la ɔnbid[1].
  2. Nɔɔs anɛ ni'im dinɛ ka sɔ' wʋsa ɔnbid[1].
  3. Nɔraad la anɛ banɛ kaasidi bigisid wagat nɛ bʋnbɛ'ɛd ya'a kenna..
  4. Kusaas mɔri ba maani ba bara nɛ ba maana.
  5. Nɔɔs bina anɛ bugullim tisidi ti zʋʋdnam la[2].

Kʋkɔr /Gumpʋzɛr

dɛmisim gbɛlima

article la mɛŋ: Yin kɔkɔr

Kʋkɔr anɛ niimis buudi kanɛ mɔr kʋkpaŋ bɛda ka o nini la bɛ o zug la kpiŋkpɛŋ, ka o niŋgɔɔd la wa'am ka o nɔba la an gima, bɛ nya'aŋ ka nɔ'ɔbibis la ta'al taaba. Bʋndaʋg, kanɛ ka ti buoyɛ kɔkɔr daʋg, ba ye ti anɛ bʋntitada gat bʋnya'aŋ la ka ti buon ye kɔkɔr nya'aŋ ka ban nwɛn siem bɛ kɔ'ɔb-kɔ'ɔb ba buudi la ni.Yin kɔkɔr anɛ bʋnkɔnbid banɛ dit ni'im, bʋnvɔɔlnam nɛ tiis wala nwɛnne samɛɛdnam, nka'aa nɛ mɔɔd.[3] Ba dit bɛ ne kuom kanɛ pʋ zulim ni,ba yɛ ti nɔki ba zut mi'i kuom la pʋʋg yaasid diib la ka ba zure la lɛ bɛ agɔl. Yin kɔkɔr nam la bɛdigu pʋ nyaŋi iakida ka ne ba la'am bɛne nidib ka miilim nidibin bɛnim ka nɛ ba taa dɔl taab giligid . Ba kʋkpama yɛ ti anɛ ma'asʋg ka ba mɔri ba nɔɔr la wɛɛr kɔbʋlʋg la dinɛ sʋŋid ba niŋgbiʋŋ la an ma'asʋg saŋa wusa ka tʋʋnlʋg pʋ mɔri baa.[4]

Kʋkɔr buud sieba nwɛn wuu ya'ad ne bɛ China din yi 4000 BC tʋon pa'al ye yin kʋkɔr da sɛŋ bɛ nɛ Yangshao culture.di ya'a ka nɛ ala zugɔ , yin kʋkɔr la da sɛŋ bɛ ya-nya'aŋ sa nwɛn wuu yʋma 1500 yiiga gat ya-dagɔɔbʋ . Lucius Columella, yiiga sɔbʋ yʋma kɔbis kanɛ gaad la BC, kpa'am banɛ gʋ'ʋr kʋkɔr nam la yɛ ba ɛnti paam gɛla sieba tis nɔɔs ka ba ʋʋm dinɛ na kɛ ka ba ya'a wiak ka ba da zʋd kpɛn mɔɔd nɛɛ. ''ka lɛɛ bɛ ba dɔtin la''.la'am dina wusa, kʋkɔr nam da pʋ Western Europe gʋ'ʋl gbana ni hali ti paae 810 AD, ka ba yʋ'ʋn sɛŋ buone ba yɛ nɔbibis nɛ wɛɛʋkpini, ka ba mɔr yɔɔt sama tisidi ba yidaanam.[5]

Bɛdigʋ sak yɛl yɛ mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) an di yaliŋ ya'ad buudi bɛ yin kʋkɔr nam la ni (Muscovy kʋkɔr la pʋ paas ba zugɔ (Cairina moschata), kanɛ pʋ mɔr kpinim ba kʋkɔr taaba).[5] Ba gʋ'ʋn kʋkɔr nam nɛ ni'im yɛla, gɛla nɛ tɛŋ.[6] ka di ya'a tiŋ nɔɔrs ni,ti mɔri ba buudi ka ba nɔbigid, ka sieba nyɛ'ɛnt gɛla, ka sieba nɔbugʋd tɔ'ɔtɔ, ka mɛ yɛti pi'i sʋŋa kɔnbʋlʋg la ni.[5] Banɛ ka ba taa gʋ'ʋn kɔɔsid bɛ United Kingdom nɛ United States an kʋkɔr piel, ka tuon nye' gɛla kɔbis ayi yʋʋm ka mɛ tʋon tɛbis paa 3.5 kg (7 lb 11 oz) bɛ dabisa piisnaasi nɛ anaasi.[4] Western world ni, kʋkɔr da ka' wʋʋ nɔɔrs la bɔzugɔ ba da pin'il gʋ'ʋn nɔɔrs bɛdigʋ kɔ'ɔb -kɔ'ɔb ba pɛɛlis wusa ka ba ni'im la an sum ka malis, ka ka nɔɔrs ni'im ligidi bɛ tɛŋin gat kʋkɔr nam ni'im. Ka di ya'a lɛb haute cuisine, kʋkɔr nam pʋ galis bɛ ba diib da'an laa. Din wusa, yɛlsieba an di kɔ'ɔ bɛ ya-nya'aŋ. kʋkɔr nam bɛ ani gat nɔɔrs ka ba kpɛlim an wʋʋ tɛŋkʋdʋgim la da gʋ'ʋn ka ba an siem la, ka nya'aŋid ieed diib bɛ mʋi bɔn'ɔgʋn nɛ zin'ikanɛ an ma'asʋg ni.[6]

Din pin'il si'em

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Labaar kaŋa "poultry" yi nɛ Middle English pultry or pultrie, kanɛ ka ba mɔri yi Old French/Norman nɔɔr sɛ'asiŋ.[7] Dinɛ pa'an nɔɔrs banɛ nan pʋ gu' bɛ na'asaalin pa'an ba bʋnbibis.[8] Middle English pulet nɛ Old French polet, bama wʋsa yi nɛ Latin sɔbʋg pullus, ka di gbin an yɛ bin-ianda bɛɛ bʋnkɔb paalig.[9][10][11] German nidib buone di yɛ "Bʋn-iandi" (cf. Old English Fugol, German Vogel, Danish Fugl).[12]

Pian'azug la gbin

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Linɛ ka ba buon ye "Nua" la anɛ pian'ʋk kanɛ ka ba mɔri kpanbid buon yin bun-ian'adir buudi wʋsa, banɛ ka ba gban'e ba gʋ'ʋl. Pian'azug la anɛ linɛ ka ba mɔri buon wɛʋkpin'ini (niin-ian'ada banɛ bɛ mɔɔgin) nɛ ku'omin kpan'aʋŋ, amaa ka ka' niimis banɛvka ba gʋ'ʋn yin nwɛnnɛ niimbanɛ kʋkʋma malis nɛ guluŋgu'ud. "Nɔɔs gʋ'ʋlʋg" gbin pa'ali yin nɔɔs linɛ an nɔbibis nɛ tolotolo geese nɛ kʋkɔrnam banɛ ka ba gʋ'ʋn nɛ ba ni'im bɛɛ gɛla yɛla, ala mɛn ka pian'azug la mɛ lɛm pa'annɛ nɔɔs bama niŋgbiŋ linɛ an diibi tisi ti la. Pu'a kanɛ da vɛɛns ka sɔbi li kasɛta la kaal niimis buudi, amaa ka paas yin kpan'aʋŋ nɛ dawana.[13] Ka onɛ ka o yʋ'ʋr buon R.D Crawford kanɛ vɛɛns ka sɔb nɔɔs gʋ'ʋlʋg nɛ ba buudi-buudi yɛla la pʋ paas dawan nɛ, amaa Japanese quail nɛ phaesana niiŋ lɛɛ sɔbi paas o yʋda la ni, nya'aŋ ka ba da gban'e ba gʋ'ʋn ka ba yʋ'ʋn yalig zin'ig bɛdegʋ.[14] Yʋʋm 1848 la ni la, ba da sɔb nɔɔs gʋ'ʋlʋg gbaʋŋ ka li yʋ'ʋr buon yin nɔɔs gʋ'ʋlʋg nɛ maalʋg. Edmund Dixon da sɔb ka pa'al pian'azut pian'ad peafowl nɛ kpan'aʋŋ nɛ ku'omin kʋkɔr nɛ tolotolo nɛ gumpuzɛr buudi kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb wʋʋ America gumpʋzɛr nɛ gumpʋzɛr nam banɛ mɛ bɛ, nɛ nɔnya'as buudi banɛ bɛ wʋʋ nɔnya'aŋ lʋʋg.[15]

Tituunli

dɛmisim gbɛlima
Kɔnbʋg Mɔɔgʋn yɛla Yin kulib Tʋʋma Footo
Nua Red junglefowl South and Southeast Asia Eggs and meat
Tolotolo Wild turkey Mexico Meat
Japanese quail Quail Japan Eggs and meat
Gumpʋzɛr Mallard Various Eggs and meat
Goose Greylag Various Eggs, meat and feathers
Kpan'aŋ Helmeted guinea fowl Africa Eggs and meat
Yin danwan Rock dove Eurasia Meat

Nɔɔs

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Nɔɔs anɛ sia'asiŋa, nɛ niiŋ kanɛ mɔr kpʋkpama ka zi'e sappi ka mɔr gbɛʋŋ nɛ lɛma ka li bɛɛ ba zutin. Bʋndaad banɛ ka ti buon ye nɔdaad anɛ bɛdir ka ba si'im nie ka ba kɔnbʋlʋg zu'oe gat bʋnnya'as la (nɔnya'as). Nɔɔs anɛ banɛ gɛndig nɛ ba taaba kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb yin, ka an banɛ dit ni'im nɛ bʋnvʋlnam, ka an niiŋ kanɛ ieed teŋin gu'osid vaand banɛ sʋʋe lu teŋin la ye ba dit mɔbiili nɛ bʋnvʋlnam. Nɔɔs pʋ ian'ad ala tar tarɛ, ka ya'a ka' nɛ si'eli kat o bɛɛ o nyɛ nɛ bʋnbɛ'ɛd si'a ka ianki zɔ kpɛn' tituudin n su'a o mɛŋa.[16] Zina yin nɔɔs ( banɛ ka ti buon Gallus domescus la) yinɛ Asia teŋin mɔɔgin nɔzian'a kanɛ buon junglefowl la tuŋin na, ka nwaasim sieba banɛ yi junglefowl kanɛ an pʋpɔnra Sri Lankan junglefowl nɛ junglefowl kanɛ an dɛn'ɛn la ni na.[17][18]

Vɛɛnsʋg pa'al ya ye ba da si'iŋi gʋ'ʋn nɔɔs yin nɛ yʋma 8,000 banɛ gaad la bɛ Asia teŋin,[19] ka li yadigi paae China nɛ India tɛɛnsin yʋma 2000 ti paae yʋma 3000 nya'aŋ sa. Ka banɛ dɔl la'ad ni vɛɛnsid saalib tʋʋma yɛla la zaŋ kasɛt linɛ sid pa'an ye yin nɔɔs da bɛ Asia ya-tuona tɛɛnsin ka yʋma 6000 BC nyaan paae, ka bɛ China sʋ'ʋlʋm wʋʋ 6000 BC saŋa nɛ, nɛ India teŋin wʋʋ 2000 BC saŋa nɛ.[20][21][22] Ka ban da ieed ma'ad tɛɛns paalʋ yɛla yʋʋm 2020 saŋa la, ba zamis nɔɔs 863 yɛla gilig dunia pamm ka yɛl ye, yin nɔɔs wʋsa yinɛ yin gʋ'ʋlʋg saŋa yinne linɛ an junglefowl zian kanɛ ka ba gʋ'ʋn zina ka li da yi China ya-tuona nɛ ya-nya'aŋ tɛɛns tensʋkin, nɛ Thailand nɛ Myanmar ya-nya'aŋ tɛɛnsin ni na la. Ba gʋ'ʋn yin nɔbama ka li yalig yʋ'ʋn paae Asia ya-tuona nɛ Asia ya-tuonɛ ya-nya'aŋ dim tensʋk ni, ka ba la'am gʋ'ʋn mɔɔgin bʋnkɔnbid sieba ka ba gɛndig nɛ banɛ bɛ kɔn'ɔbkɔn'ɔb wʋsa. Ka ba vɛɛns nɔɔs buudi banɛ ka ba gʋ'ʋn bɛdegʋ ka li pa'al ye nɔrapielig buudir la mɔr nwɛnnɛm bɛɛ kɔnbʋlʋg si'im kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb linɛ yi yaab nam kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb bani yi junglefowl zian buudir la ni na.[23][24][25]

Tolotolo

dɛmisim gbɛlima

article mɛŋ: Yin tolotolo

Tolotolo anɛ niiŋ , kanɛ ba yɛ ba nwɛn wʋʋ tɛŋin niimis nɛ kpi'ini nɛ . Ba bʋn daʋg la an bʋntita'ar gat ba bʋn nya'as la ka ba tʋon yarigi ba zuya ka di an kpilig nɛ di an giŋgaŋ, lɛma banɛ lʋl ka ba bʋon yɛ kampɛma , nɛ ba lʋl o nɔɔrin la, mɔr bɛ ba lɛk pʋʋgʋn. Sian'arin tolotolo tʋon iak , amaa ba pʋ taa iankida , ba yɛ ti taa zuot nɛ laligi, gbɛlɛsi ba mɛŋ. Ba yɛt bɛ nɛ tiis gbina ni ka nɛ ba giligi tɛŋ la, ba dit ti biili, wala, mɔɔd zunzuya, atibaŋdaʋg tiis vaad nɛ bʋnsiɛl baalʋg.[26]

Nana yin tolotolo nam la anɛ buudi alakɔ' kanɛ pa'as bɛ ba buudi ayɔbʋ sia'arin tolotolo nam la (Meleagris gallopavo) bɛ Mexican sʋ'ʋlim tis Jalisco, Guerrero and Veracruz.[27] Pre-Aztec buudi bɛ south-central Mexico yiiga gu'ʋn yin bʋn-ianda 800 BC, nɛ Pueblo Indians gu'ʋn ba Colorado Plateau bɛ United States ala ka bam mɛ seŋ 200 BC. Ba da mɔri ba kɔba la maan wiig, gɔbʋ nɛ malʋg yɛla. Yʋma gaad 1,000 nya'aŋ, ba da tina anɛ dikanɛ an yɛlkpan.[28] Ka yiiga Europeans kanɛ da pɔs nyɛ ba la da tulimɛ tɛ'ɛns yɛ di anɛ kpa'aʋŋ, bʋn-iandʋ kanɛ ka ba mi'i yɛ "turkey fowl" saŋkan, bɔzugɔ ba da nɔki di nan pa'al Europe dɔlisid yit Turkey la .[26]

Tolotolo banɛ ka gu'ʋn kɔɔsʋg yɛla la ,ba yɛt yɔd banɛ zi'ikanɛ ka ba na nya'aŋ guri ba sʋŋa. Zi'ig bama yɛ ti anɛ dɔɔt ka ba mɛɛ di yaliʋŋ, ba mɛɛt la wɛla yɛ pɛbisʋg nya'aŋi kpɛ'ɛnt ka nɛɛsim la ligil biɛla (dina sʋŋid sier ba tʋma, ka kɛt ka ba paam tɛbisim). Bugʋm la tuon nyɔ'ɔ 24 h/dabisid yine , bɛɛ nɛɛsim kanɛ zemis ka nya'aŋi di saŋa wʋsa ka nɔbʋgʋt tɔ'ɔtɔ. Bʋn-nya'as la paamid tɛbisim din yit bakɔi nam piinɛ anu (15) pʋʋgʋn ka bʋn daʋg la mɛ bakɔi nam piinɛ awai (19). Banɛ ka kɔɔsid la tʋon mɔr tɛbisim zin'isa ayi wʋʋ ba taab banɛ bɛ sian'arin la. Bɛdegʋ buudi kɔ'ɔb-kɔ-ɔb zʋoya , amaa ba bɛdigʋ kanɛ ka ba gu'ʋn kuosid la anɛ pɛɛlis, nɛŋa sʋŋid ka ba maalʋg an sum, ka dinɛ tabil tabil la ba'an pʋ nyɛt nyainɛ.[29] saŋa sia win da bɛ ka ba kʋʋd tolotolo maan diib nɛ dabisid kanɛ bɛ di kɔ' wʋʋ bʋniya daar (10 million bʋnkɔb-ianda bɛ United Kingdom) bɛɛ barɛka pʋ'ʋsum (60 million bʋnkɔb-ianda bɛ United States). Nɛ wɛla zugɔ bɛdigʋ yʋ'ʋn mɔri ba maan diib lʋka bɛdigʋ dunia nwa.[30]

Nɔsieba gʋ'ʋlʋg

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Kpin'ini seŋ bɛ nɛ southern Africa, ka ba mɔr ba buudi gu'ʋn nɛ kpi'ini ba nɛ mɔr zɔrbit (Numida meleagris). Ba anɛ banɛ ba'an ka' bʋntitada galis wɛlaa ka nɛ ba an pʋpɔra bɛɛ mis-mis nɛ ba mɔr niŋgɔɔd zugbil mɔr lɛma banɛ an wi'ʋŋ. Nɛ gbɛʋŋ bɛ ba zutin, ka ba da gʋ'ʋn yin saŋkanɛ da an ancient Greeks nɛ Romans. Kpin'ini yɛla tɔi , la'am bɛ nɛ nidib ka dit bʋnvɔɔl nam, amaa ka lɛn dit mɔɔd nɛ biili. ba yɛti bɛ nɛ zi'ikanɛ ka vaad la an ma'asa ka bʋnvɔɔlnam bɛ ani ka ba dit . Ba yɛti dɔ' tiis zut zʋr nɛ ba maan vɔɔt ba ya'a nyɛt ka siɛl kɛn nɛ ba nina. Ba dit ba ni'im nɛ gɛla wʋʋ nɔɔrs ka ti dit siem la, bʋn-ianbibis yɛti samisid iankid ba ya'a ti nwadis anaasi.[31]

kpan'amɔɔs an yʋ'ʋr kanɛ ka ti mɔr ba bʋon banɛ nan wiak bɛ yin. Nwɛn sieba yin gulʋgu'ʋ , bʋn-ianda kanɛ ka nɔk maal dina yi nɛ gulʋgu'ʋ buudi ni (Columba livia). Tʋʋma kanɛ bɛ di kɔ' nɛ bɔɔrim kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb mɔr tʋʋmpecial. Ba ya'a nyɛ' gɛla ka nɛ ba ʋʋm gɛla la dabisa 17 . Ka ba ya'a wiak, ba ma nɛ bʋn daʋg diisidi ba nɛ "pigeon's milk", diib kanɛ ka ba la'as la'ad bɛdigʋ yit zʋr nam ni suŋidiba. Kpan'amɔɔs nɔbigi tɔ'ɔtɔ amaa lɛ pʋ tʋon iand tɔ'ɔtɔ dabisa 26 ti paa 30 ka ba yʋ'ʋn yit ba tɛʋŋ nam la ni, ka mɔr tɛbisim nwɛnɛ 500 g (1 lb 2 oz). Li ya'a paa saŋa win bʋnkʋda na lɛn nyɛ' gɛla ayi ʋʋblig ka ayi mɛ banɛ sɛk gɛla nyɛ'ɛb nɛ ba wiak bakɔi anaasi dɔlisid nyɛ'ɛb nɛ wiakid saŋa nɔki nwadis bɛdigʋ

Nɔnraʋŋ zaba

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Nɔraʋŋ zaba da anɛ dinɛ ka dunia wusa da mɔr ka di an ba niŋwisigi nɛ malisim zin'i ka ba la'asid gosi. Nɔraʋŋ ayi banɛ an bʋnkʋda (nɔraʋŋ bɛɛ roosters) nɛ zabit taab hali ka yine ti pʋa'alim o tirand bɛɛ o kʋʋ. Nɔraʋ'ar zaba gilik nɛ zin'i bɛdigʋ bɛ Island Southeast Asia, ka mɔr malʋg bɛdigʋ lɛn paas banɛ mɔri ba nwɛ'ɛt loto la zug.[32] Ba paas nɛ buudi malima ni ancient India, China, Persia, Greece, Rome, ka ba paami ligidi bɛdigʋ bɛɛ kɔŋ ligidi la bɛdigʋ ka di yi nɛ nɔɔrs la zaba mɔr ti nae siem. Ba buudi la sieba wʋʋ Aseel ka ba gu'ʋn bɛ Indian su'ɔlim nam ni zaŋ kɛn ba ɛɛnsim an siem zug.[33] Ba kat nɔɔrs zaba bas tɛmis bɛdigʋ ni saŋa kanɛ gaad la dɔlisid wada ni yɛ di anɛ dɛŋ tis bʋnkɔbit bɛlim.[34]

Nɔɔs gʋ'ulʋg

dɛmisim gbɛlima

article la mɛŋ : Nɔɔs gʋ'ulʋg

Dunia giili, nɔɔs an dinɛ ka ba gʋ'un bɛdigʋ gat bʋnkɔbit buudi banɛ bɛ , hali ka ba kal an 50 billion bʋn-ianda nam ka ba gu'ʋn yʋʋm -yʋʋm wʋsa paami ni'im nɛ gɛla.[35] Teŋ kʋdigimi sa la,ba da ɛnti gban'ar bʋn-iand bama niŋ nɛ tugidis ni , ka ba iaa niŋtaŋ win ka lɛ gbɛɛn yin yɔ'ɔŋ saŋa. Dina kpɛlim anɛ ala bɛ zin'ig banɛ nɔbik la ni , zin'ig kanɛ ka pʋ'ab mɛ sʋŋi yir bɛlim nɛ nimɔɔ'ar zaŋi kɛn nɔɔs gu'ʋlʋg ni. Alazugɔ dunia kal nɛ tɛŋ pʋʋs tita'ada yʋ'un maligim pa'asid la kɛ ka ba gu'ʋn ba bɛdigʋ , mɛɛb zin'is banɛ bɛ di kɔ' . Bama yɛti lam nɛ zin'i kanɛ ka ba gu'ʋn ba la bɛɛ zin'i kanɛ ka ba bɔɔd ni'im ma, ka di bɔɔb an na'ana ,ka an disʋŋ tisid tɛŋ pʋʋs.[36] Yɔɔd kanɛ na yi di nina bɛ nɛɛ nɔɔs la buudi nɛ kɔɔsid siɛm-siɛm . Banɛ ligidi nɛ galis la tʋon kɛ ka ba gu'ʋlʋg sier.[37]

Gbanvɛɛnsa

dɛmisim gbɛlima
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://web.archive.org/web/20230822212545/https://englishsummary.com/5-sentences-about-hen/
  2. ↑ https://mikesbackyardnursery.com/2013/07/5-uses-for-chickens-in-the-garden/
  3. ↑ "10 Facts About Ducks". FOUR PAWS International - Animal Welfare Organisation. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Information sheet: The Welfare of Farmed Ducks". RSPCA. July 1, 2012. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cherry, Peter; Morris, T. R. (2008). Domestic Duck Production: Science and Practice. CABI. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-1-84593-441-5.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dean, William F.; Sandhu, Tirath S. (2008). "Domestic ducks". Cornell University. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
  7. ↑ "Poultry". The American Heritage: Dictionary of the English Language. Vol. 4th edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2009.
  8. ↑ https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=poult
  9. ↑ "Pullet". The American Heritage: Dictionary of the English Language. Vol. 4th edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2009.
  10. ↑ "Fowl". Online Etymology Dictionary. Etymonline.com. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
  11. ↑ "Our Poultry". Poule D'or Chicken. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  12. ↑ "Poultry". Online Etymology Dictionary. Ehitymonline.com. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
  13. ↑ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/472991/poultry
  14. ↑ http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19900183085.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-88557-9
  15. ↑ https://archive.org/details/Dixon1848ix59U
  16. ↑ http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19610102428.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8121-1241-2
  17. ↑ Eriksson, Jonas; Larson, Greger; Gunnarsson, Ulrika; Bed'hom, Bertrand; Tixier-Boichard, Michele; Strömstedt, Lina; Wright, Dominic; Vereijken, Addie; Randi, Ettore; Jensen, Per; Andersson, Leif (2008), "Identification of the yellow skin gene reveals a hybrid origin of the domestic chicken", PLOS Genetics, 4 (2): e1000010, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000010, PMC 2265484, PMID 18454198
  18. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7014787https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32050971
  19. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7014787https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32050971
  20. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7014787https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32050971
  21. ↑ West, B.; Zhou, B.X. (1988). "Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication". J. Archaeol. Sci. 14 (5): 515–533. Bibcode:1988JArSc..15..515W. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(88)90080-5.
  22. ↑ Al-Nasser, A.; Al-Khalaifa, H.; Al-Saffar, A.; Khalil, F.; Albahouh, M.; Ragheb, G.; Al-Haddad, A.; Mashaly, M. (June 1, 2007). "Overview of chicken taxonomy and domestication". World's Poultry Science Journal. 63 (2): 285–300. doi:10.1017/S004393390700147X. S2CID 86734013.
  23. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7395088https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220050312
  24. ↑ Liu, Yi-Ping; Wu, Gui-Sheng; Yao, Yong-Gang; Miao, Yong-Wang; Luikart, Gordon; Baig, Mumtaz; Beja-Pereira, Albano; Ding, Zhao-Li; Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder; Zhang, Ya-Ping (January 2006). "Multiple maternal origins of chickens: Out of the Asian jungles". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 (1): 12–19. Bibcode:2006MolPE..38...12L. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.014. PMID 16275023.
  25. ↑ Zeder, Melinda A.; Emshwiller, Eve; Smith, Bruce D.; Bradley, Daniel G. (March 2006). "Documenting domestication: the intersection of genetics and archaeology". Trends in Genetics. 22 (3): 139–155. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2006.01.007. PMID 16458995.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Smith, Andrew F. (2006). The Turkey: An American Story. University of Illinois Press. pp. 4–5, 17. ISBN 978-0-252-03163-2. turkey bird name.
  27. ↑ C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Wild turkey: Meleagris gallopavo, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. L Stromberg Archived July 25, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  28. ↑ Viegas, Jennifer (February 1, 2010). "Native Americans First Tamed Turkeys 2,000 Years Ago". Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
  29. ↑ Pond, Wilson G.; Bell, Alan W., eds. (2010). Turkeys: Behavior, Management and Well-Being. Marcell Dekker. pp. 847–849. ISBN 978-0-8247-5496-9.
  30. ↑ Bill, Joe (December 18, 2013). "Can turkey rule the roost all year round?". Your Shepway. Archived from the original on March 3, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  31. ↑ Jacob, Jacquie; Pescatore, Tony; Cantor, Austin. "Keeping Guinea fowl" (PDF). University of Kentucky. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
  32. ↑ Blust, Robert (June 2002). "The History of Faunal Terms in Austronesian Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 41 (1): 89–139. doi:10.2307/3623329. JSTOR 3623329.
  33. ↑ http://www.aseellovers.20m.com/custom.html
  34. ↑ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/472991/poultry
  35. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20140227233132/http://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm%5Fanimals/poultry/http://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm_animals/poultry
  36. ↑ http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/poultry/home.html
  37. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20140709034856/http://agritrade.cta.int/Agriculture/Commodities/Poultry/Executive-Brief-Update-2013-Poultry-sectorhttp://agritrade.cta.int/Agriculture/Commodities/Poultry/Executive-Brief-Update-2013-Poultry-sector
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