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Ku'om Basib

Ku'om basib bɛɛ Ku'om Kpa'ar anɛ maluŋ kanɛ ka ba kpa'ad ku'om tisid ba'ar bɛɛ yaanam bɛɛ tiend banɛ maal ka'alim yɛla. Di anɛ bunkanɛ da an na'ana tis banɛ pʋ'ʋsid ka nan kpɛn bɛ zina tis ninsieba.

Ku'om basib bɛɛ Ku'om kpa'ar
ritual, ceremony
Subclass ofsacrifice Dɛmisim gbɛlima

Kυdυmin la, yɛlsi’ia ya’a da ɛɛnti gbirigi paae kusaas bɛɛ ba bɔɔdnɛ si’el ye li tυm tisi ba nɛ nimua, ba na bas ku’om n kaanbi sɔs Wina’am nɛ ba yaanam la ka yɛl la maali tisiba. Kusaas ya’a da bas ku’om, ba na zi’el saŋa kanɛ ka ba bɔɔd ye yɛl la maali tisi ba ka li sid na tυm ala n tisi ba. Ti yaanam ya’a da ye ba kaanb ba’ar, ba na buol Wina’am yυ’υr yiiga ka nan kaanb bada la, linɛ bigis ye ba da mi’i Wina’am.

Din Pin'il si'em

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Na'asaal pian'ʋk kanɛ buon ye, "kaanbʋg" la yinɛ Latin pian'ad kanɛ buon ye libatio ni na, ka li gbin pa'al ye ku'om kpa'ar linɛ yi itʋg pian'ʋk kanɛ buon ye libare ni la ka li mɛ pa'al ye "lɛm gɔs"; kpa'ae Ku'om n kaanb ba'ad (ka Indo-European pian'adin an *leib-, ka li gbin pa'al ye "kpa'ae, nɛ a-maal ba'ad").[1]

Kʋdʋmin sa yɛla

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Egypt kʋdʋmin yɛla

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Ku'om kpa'ar anɛ Egypt teŋin malʋŋ yinnɛ, ka li da anɛ bʋn nuudir kanɛ an na'asi tisid wina banɛ ka ba kaanbid la wʋsa, ka na ma'ae wina banɛ ka ba pʋ'ʋsid la nɛ kpi'imnam nɛ ninsaalib nɛ saalib banɛ vʋe ka ti pʋ nyɛti ba nɛ nini la'am nɛ teŋ sʋ'ʋlʋm wʋsa sunf.[2] Ba pa'al ye Ku'om kpa'ar pin'ili upper Nile bɔn'ɔfaligin la na ka yʋ'ʋn tiing paae Africa teŋ sieba ni nɛ dunia wʋsa ni. Kat wa'ae nɛ Ayi Kwei Armah labaar ni "daʋ kanɛ ka o yʋ'ʋr yi nwa' la pian' pa'al ban kaanbid ba'ad nwɛ'ɛd nu'ugi ba tʋʋma zug si'em bɛ Africa tɛɛns nɛ dunia wʋsa ni.[3][4] Ku'om kpa'ar anɛ tisib linɛ ka ba kpa'ad pataasɛ bɛɛ dansieba banɛ bɛ tisid kpi'imnam nɛ wina wʋsa.[5]

Ka Osiris dim banɛ mɔr mɛlk kaanbid la, li yinɛ Philae ka yʋ'ʋn tiing paae Meroe ya-tuona sʋ'ʋlʋm wʋsa ni.[6] Li mɛ lɛn anɛ sida ye li maligim maal; nwɛnnɛ Nubians dim da pʋn dɛŋim mi'i ban mɔr mɛlk kaanbid ba'ad si'em la, ba mɛ tʋ'ʋn nɔki li pa'al Philae dim.[7]

Greece kʋdʋmin yɛla

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Ku'om kpa'ar (Greek: σπονδή, spondȇ, [spondɛ̌ː]) da nɛ yɛlkpan nɛ nimmua yinnɛ tis Greek dim pʋ'ʋsʋm, ka an giŋa nɛ pʋ'ʋsʋm kanɛ ka ba bɛdegʋ pʋ'ʋsid.[8] Li anɛ linɛ pa'an Greece kʋdʋmin nidib bɛdegʋ da pʋ'ʋsid ka dɔli li nɛ yadda si'em, ka li lɛbid nyaŋi pa'an Bronze yʋma ni sa hali la'am nɛ kʋdʋmin Greece dim yɛla.[9] Ku'om kpa'ar da paasi vʋm bɛllim ni, ka banɛ dɔli li nɛ yadda dim maannɛ li daar wʋsa bɛogin nɛ zaam nɔɔr, nɛ ba ya'a ye ba sin'iŋi di diib.[10][11] Ku'om kpa'ar saŋa pamm yiti gɛndigi daam nɛ nɛ Ku'om, amaa ka mɛ tʋn'e an linɛ ka daam kpaam ku'om nɛ siind bɛɛ mɛlk pʋ paasi.[12]

Ku'om kpa'ar amɛŋa an si'em la anɛ malʋŋ kanɛ ka ba bu'od daam yi bʋtiŋin bɛɛ nwammin ka li zanli ba nu'ugin. Malʋŋ kanɛ ka nidib bɛdegʋ maan anɛ ban na kpa'ae daam nɛ bʋtiŋ niŋ lakanɛ ka ba maali li linna tʋʋma ma'a yɛla ni. Ka ba ya'a kpa'ae daam niŋ laan la naae linɛ kpɛlim la ka banɛ maal maana la nɔki nu.[13] Ku'om kpa'ar bɛnɛ saŋa kanɛ ka ba ye ba nu daam, ba da maan tʋʋm kaŋa nɛ Homeric epics pin'ilʋgʋn sa. Malʋŋ zi'ela bɛɛ wada banɛ ka ba la'as gban'e la yɛl ye, yiiga nwam kanɛ ka daam la bɛ la ya'a zi'elɛ, li pa'al ye ba kaanb Zeus bɛɛ Olympian bada la nɛ. Dap di'e Ku'om kpa'ar yi ayi' krater kanɛ ka ba maal la, nɛ Zeús Téleios (Ζεύς Tέλειος, ni. "Zeus kanɛ naar") yit linɛ paas atan' ni la, ka daa nar ye li an kpi'i bʋn la. Suor daa lɛm bɛ ye ba kpa'ae Ku'om yi yiiga nwam la ni tis Agathos Daimon ba'ad la ka kpa'ae Ku'om mɛ yi nwam kanɛ paas atan' la ni tis Hermes. La'aʋŋ la ni nid yinne tʋn'e gaŋ on bɔɔd Ku'om kpa'ar buudi kanɛ ka o ya'am bɔɔd nɛ win kanɛ ka o bɔɔd ye kpa'ae o Ku'om tis.

Ku'om kpa'ari dɔl winsɔsʋg nya'aŋ.[14] Greek dim ya'a sɔsid ba zi'enɛ agɔla, ka zianki ba nu'us agɔl bɛɛ ba ya'a kpa'ad ku'om ba nu'ug yinnɛ tiɛndi gban'ad ba'ad la.[15][16]

Ba ya'a ye ba kʋ kɔnbʋg kaanb ba'ar, ba zaŋidi daam bu'oe maan la zug nwɛnnɛ lin aan ba malʋŋ maan kanɛ ka ba ye ba kɔdig ka li an ti'ebʋgʋ gur, ka lin nya'aŋ ka ba nyu'oe maan la nɛ bugum ka li dii kanp.[17] Zin'ikanɛ ka ba maan nwa' bɛnɛ Greek bada ya'abʋg ni, ka an linɛ mɛ lɛm pa'an banɛ kaanbid si'em bɛɛ bada la mɛŋi zanl nwam la si'em.[18] Greek itʋg pian'ʋk kanɛ buon ye spéndō (σπένδω), ka li gbin pa'al ye "kaanb ba'ad", ka lɛn an "zaŋ nɔɔr siakir paas", ka yi Indo-European pian'ʋk kaŋa *spend-, ka li gbin pa'al ye "maal maan tis, maal malima rite, zaŋim mɛŋ kpɛn'ɛs malʋŋ tʋʋmin". Yʋ'ʋr pian'ʋk la anɛ spondȇ (yʋ'ʋpian'ʋk babig), ka li gbin pa'al ye"Ku'om kpa'ar." Sʋʋgin kʋkɔr la ni, itʋg pian'ʋk la gbin anɛ "a-kpɛn' nɔnaar ni", ka li pa'al ye ba buol bada la ye ba tʋm tʋʋma.[1] Ziim kaanbʋg da kaanbid nɛ ye li si'iŋ zaba; nɛ'ɛŋa pa'annɛ zaba naar, ka saŋa pamm ba yiti maan ka li pa'annɛ sunbʋgʋsʋm bɛɛ nɔɔr yinne bɛ zaba. Pian'ad kanɛ ka ba da pian' ye "tinam pʋlis nwa' kpa'anɛ Ku'om" la da anɛ sunbʋgʋsʋm nɔzi'elʋg bɛɛ "Wina'am sunbʋgʋsʋm", dinzug ba da gɔsid nɔzi'elʋg kaŋa nɛ Saŋkanɛ wʋsa ka tempʋʋgin nidib la kena la'as taaba ye ba di'em Panhellenic di'ema la, nɛ bʋnwɛ'ɛda di'ema, bɛɛ Eleusinian kʋdʋmin malima di'ema la: Ku'om kpa'ar kaŋa buudi pʋ gɛndig ziim, ka an baanlim, ka daʋŋ pʋ bɛɛ li nii, nɛ naar.[18]

Ku'om kpa'ar kanɛ ka ba kpa'ae teŋin la anɛ kpi'imnam nɛ chthonic bada la din. Kum gbaʋŋ kanɛ ka Odyssey, nɛ Odysseus da sɔb la, li yɛl ye o tunɛ maan bʋmbɔg ka kpa'ad o siind nɛ daam nɛ Ku'om banɛ ka o yiti tʋm ka ba mɔda la. Ku'om kpa'ar kanɛ buon ye choē (Ancient Greek: χεῦμα, cheuma, ka li gbin pa'al ye "bʋn linɛ ka ba kpa'ae la"; ka li yi IE *gheu- ni),[1] ka yɔ'ɔg vɔɔsim keŋi kpɛn' bʋmbɔk zin'ikanɛ ka chthonic bada bɛ la ni, ala ka bada la mɛ tʋn'e lɛn di'e spondai.[19] Dap banɛ da gbi'isi ba mɛŋ nɛ bada sʋ'ʋŋa la, tʋn'e di'e ziim kaanbʋg ba ya'a da la'as nɛ ziim kpa'ar kanɛ da naam zaba ni la, nwɛnnɛ Brasidas kanɛ an Sparta zabzab la.[20] Malʋŋ kanɛ ka ba maan kpi'imnam banɛ bɛɛ ba yaʋdin yɛla la, Ku'om kpa'ar kanna anɛ mɛlk nɛ siind kaanbʋg.[21]

Banɛ maan ku'om kpa'ar la anɛ na'asayʋ'ʋr linɛ an sunsan'aŋ yi Orestes Trilogy of Aeschylus ni na, ka li pa'an Electra n mɔr maan ken tisid o saam kanɛ kpi ka o yʋ'ʋr buon ye Agamemnon la.[18] Sophocles tis Ku'om kpa'ar linɛ bɛ Greek pʋtɛn'ɛr pian'ad ni pa'alʋg yinnɛ kanɛ an nyain ka li bɛ Oedipus kanɛ mɛ bɛ Colonus ni la, ka li an taal pɛ'ɛŋir bɛ maanmaanib bʋgʋrin:

Yiiga, ba kabigid ku'om yiti ku'osuor kanɛ zɔt; yɔya banɛ zi'e kasi zin'igin la anɛ kɔnbʋlʋg nɛ bʋnvɛnla ka ba nɔki maali ba ka ku'om nɛ siind bɛ ba pʋʋgin; ka li zi'e kpa' ya-dagɔbʋg ka maanmaan la na zaŋ paib nam la kpa' ya-datiʋŋ baba; ka o na nɔk olive vaanr banɛ ka o zanli o nu'ugin la digil teŋin zin'ikanɛ tans fɔɔne kaanbʋg la; ka sɔs o suunfin baanlim ka keŋ ka kʋ gɔs nya'aŋa.[22]

Alexandria pa'al suokanɛ ka ba na dɔlisi maal maan nwa' ka li anɛ ban na nɔk maan bimbim bugum n muki nyɛlig kpaam linɛ bɛ nwama ayi' ni la.

Rome dim kʋdʋmin ba'ar kaanbʋg yɛla

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Rome kʋdʋmin pʋ'ʋsʋm ni, Ku'om kpa'ar da anɛ pʋ'ʋsʋm tʋʋm kanɛ ka ba mɔr linɛ na wʋʋ Ku'om la kaanbid, ka li bɛdegʋ pʋ gɛndig nɛ daam nɛ kpaam kanɛ ka li nyuuŋ malis laa.[23] Rome ba'ar kanɛ ka ba buon ye Liber Pater la ("Father Liber"), nya'aŋ ka Greek dap ayi' banɛ ka ba yʋda an Dionysus bɛɛ Bacchus la, baŋ ka pʋdi li Greek pian'adin ye libamina, ka li gbin pa'al ye "Ku'om kpa'ar," nɛ banɛ ka ba buon ye liba, ka li an maan ma'asir linɛ ka ba nɔk siind maali li la.[24][1][25]

Room dim la'ad maalʋg ni, ba maan Ku'om kpa'ar bɛnɛ mensa (maan diib teebul), bɛɛ linɛ mɔr nɔba atan' zi'e. Di da anɛ kaanbʋg kanɛ pʋ tɔi baa bi'elaa, ka li mɛŋ na tʋn'e an kaanbʋg maan kanɛ zamis.[26] Pin'ilʋg malʋŋ linɛ an kɔnbʋg kɔdigir la anɛ bʋnnyubisa nɛ daam kpa'ar ka ba maan maan bimbim zug.[26][27] Teŋ sʋ'ʋdib nɛ maanmaanib la zi'enɛ tis, kas-kas anɛ ligikut nam ni nɛ Ku'om kpa'ar ni.[28] Taal pɛ'ɛŋir Ku'om kpa'ar pa'annɛ pʋ'ʋsʋm bɛɛ maanmaanib tʋʋma an amɛŋa si'em.[29]

Ku'om kpa'ar da la'am pɛ'ɛsi Roman dim kʋʋr maalʋg malima ni, ka li mɛ tʋn'e an kaanbʋg maan kanɛ ma'a ka ba maan kʋya ni.[30] Ba da kpa'ad ku'om ka li anɛ malʋŋ kanɛ pa'an ban tɛnr kpi'imnam yɛla si'em (gɔslim labakaŋa bɛ Parentalia nɛCaristia ni), ka ba yɔ'ɔg vɔɔnr bɛɛ paib nam kpɛn' yɔsieba ni lin na niŋ si'em ka kaanbʋg maan la dɔli sig paae banɛ kpi ka ba mumi ba la ni.[31]

Ba da pʋ mɔr mɛlk kaanbid wʋʋ Ku'om kpa'ar an si'em bɛ Rome teŋin laa, amaa teŋgban sieba ni ma'a ka ba da maannɛ li kas-kas anɛ Abby banɛ ka ba nɔk nu'usi maal la,[32] bɛɛ banɛ ka ba da pʋn dɛŋim yɛli ba yɛla la, nwɛnnɛ Rumina, ba'ad kanɛ an du'am nɛ biig ugub ba'ar kanɛ kɛ ka bin'isim nɛ cunina pʋbid, ka ti'en bɛɛ an suak zin'igi tis biis.[33] Ba da mɛ nɔki li tis Mercurius Sobrius (onɛ pʋ nuud Mercury), ka ba mi'i o ba'ar la sʋ'ʋŋa bɛ Roman Africa sʋ'ʋlʋm ka Africa teŋ dim mɔri li keŋ Rome tempʋʋgin.[34]

Judaism kʋdʋmin ku'om kpa'ar yɛla

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Article la mɛŋ: ku'om kpa'ar maana da pɛ'ɛsi Judaism kʋdʋmin malʋŋ ni ka pʋdigi li yʋ'ʋr bɛ Wina'am gbaʋŋ la ni:[35] ka Jacob mɛ maan bimbim zi'el zin'ibanɛ ka o pian' nɛ zugsɔb la, o da nɔki kuga mɛ bimbim la; ka kpa'ae bɛɛ bu'oe daam nɛ kpaam niŋi li zug.

Azaya gbaʋŋin 53:12 , Azaya zaŋi ku'om kpa'ar maal zanbin pa'al sankpan'as kanɛ namisid ka "zaŋ o vʋm bas kum nu'usin".

Ba da mɔr daam kaanbid ba'ar bɛ Jerusalem karindɔɔgin la, ka kaanb ba'ar nɛ daam Ku'om nɔɔr ayi' jew dim yʋʋm wʋsa malʋŋ saŋa la, li kas-kas anɛ saa niib maan.[36]

Ba da pʋ siakid bada giŋgaŋ si'a ba'ar kaanbʋgɔ, la'am nɛ Torah's malʋŋ nɛ pʋ'ʋsʋm malima wʋsa.

Kristo biis pʋ'ʋsʋm Pin'ilʋg yɛla

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Ku'om kpa'ar bɛ ka karimbiilʋg da pin'ili nɔnaar paalig la ni ka li anɛ yesu dɔllim yɛla nɛ Wina'am gbaʋŋ yadda niŋir yɛla.[37]


Ala mɛn nɔɔ, ka ban da di zaam nɔɔr diib naae la ka yesu zaŋ nwam la o nu'ugin ka yɛl ye, "Nwam kaŋa aan nɔnaar paal kanɛ ka m ziim bɛɛ li ni ka ya nuud nwa' la.

— Luke 22:20

Pian'akanɛ bɛ luk gbaʋŋin nwa' la pa'annɛ maan kaanbʋg yɛla nwɛnnɛ nɔnaar paalig la ni ka yesu ziim da kpa'ae o kumin si'em la. Hali m ziim ya'a kpa'ae wʋʋ daam kanɛ ka ba ye ba maal maan nɛ, ka li yinɛ ya yadda niŋir zug, m suunr malis ka m na maal sumalisim nɛ ya.

— philipians 2:17

Ba da maan Ku'om kpa'ar bɛɛ ba'ar kaanbʋg nɛ sumalisim siigin, ka Greek dimi buon ba'ar kaanbʋg ye, σπονδή (spondȇ), la yʋ'ʋn liebi yinne nɛ "sumalisim sɔsʋg".[38]

Ninsabilis teŋ (Africa)

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Ba'ar kaanbʋg da paasi Egypt dim kʋdʋmin malima ni, li da anɛ bʋn nuuda maan linɛ ye li na'as ka ma'ae ba winbanɛ ka ba dɔl la, nɛ kpi'imnam nɛ saalib banɛ bɛ nɛ banɛ kae, la'am nɛ sʋ'ʋlʋm la wʋsa.[2] Li pa'al ba'ar kaanbʋg yinɛ upper Nile bɔn'ɔfaligin na ka yʋ'ʋn yadigi paae Africa sʋ'ʋlʋm nɛ dunia wʋsa ni.[3][4] Kat wa'ae nɛ Ayi Kwei Armah n yɛl si'el la, "[daʋ kanɛ ka nidib bɛdegʋ mi'i o yɛla la pa'al malima banɛ bɛ African sʋ'ʋlʋm wʋsa: ba'ar kaanbʋg anɛ linɛ ka ba mɔr pataase bɛɛ daam buudi banɛ bɛ ka li an maan tis kpi'imnam nɛ wina.[5]

Africa buudi malima nɛ pʋ'ʋsʋm nam ni, ba'ar maalʋg yɛlkpan malʋŋ ka lɛn an linɛ ka ba pʋ'ʋsidi ba yaanam barika. Ka' malim ban ni ma'a ka ba na'asid kpi'imnama, amaa ye ba kena la'as tigir tʋʋma ni (nwɛnnɛ bada nɛ Wina'am la pʋ'ʋsʋm nɛ). Ba kpa'ad ku'om ka li an winsɔsʋg buon kpi'imnam ka ba kenna. Kpɛɛmnam maan malʋŋ la wʋsa. Ba mɔr Ku'om kaanbid, amaa bʋn nuuda la anɛ malʋŋ sieba yɛlkpan daam (Tituunli. Pataase), ka buon nidib ka ba ken Ku'om kpa'ar malʋŋ la ni na (li anɛ pʋ'ʋsʋg) tis kpi'imnam, wina nɛ Wina'am. Volta region (anwana nam teŋin) kanɛ bɛ Ghana nwa ni la, ba gɛndigidi Ku'om nɛ zɔ'ɔm mɔri kaanbid ba'ar.

Ku'om kpa'ar anɛ linɛ ka nidib pamm mi'i li ka li an suor yɔ'ɔgir malʋŋ kanɛ ka ba maannɛ li bɛ Agbekor kanɛ an wa'a di'ema malʋŋ la ni, ka ba maan bɛ Africa tɛɛns wʋsa ni. Ba lɛm kpa'ad ku'om bɛ pu'a diir malima, nɛ ba ya'a du'a biig nɛ kʋʋd malima ni. Buudi malima di'ema wʋʋ Asafotu nɛ Homowo banɛ an Ga Adangbe buudi banɛ bɛ Ghana nwa' ni nɛ Togo la. La'am nɛ ba ya'a ti ye ba diis na'anam nɛ pu'ana'anam na'am la ba kpa'ari Ku'om.

Nwɛnnɛ 1920s yʋma ni na la, li da anɛ malʋŋ bɛ Lower Nubia teŋin n tis pu'ab ka ba ti'eb ka keŋi ba buudi yaadin Adazum daar wʋsa ka kpa'ae kaanbʋg ku'om niŋ lazɛn'ɛʋg ni n bɛ yaʋg la zugin.[39] Pʋkɔnb ni, li da anɛ malʋŋ mɛ tis ban ye ba nɔk mɛlk kaanb ba'ari sidib yaad la ni, o ya'a kpi daba ayi' nya'aŋ.[7]

Ala mɛn nɔɔ li da anɛ pʋ'ʋsʋm malʋŋ tis pu'ab ye ba keŋ kaae ba sidib yaad banɛ bɛ lallin nɛ yamma, dabisim pisnaasi kum la nya'aŋ, nɛ di'ema wʋʋ Nayrouz.[40]

America teŋin

dɛmisim gbɛlima

IQuechua nɛ Aymara buudi malima linɛ bɛ America ya-tuona sʋ'ʋlʋm ni la, ba yiti bu'oe nɛ Ku'om bi'ela bas teŋin ka nyaan nu ka li an kaanbʋg maan tis Pachamama ba'ar, bɛɛ teŋ ma gbin la. Nɛ'ɛŋa an sida ba ya'a ti nuud Chicha daam kanɛ bugud ka ba nuudi li bɛdegʋ dunia nwa ni la. ku'om kpa'ar malʋŋ la ba buonnɛ li ye challa ka ba malimmɛ li saŋa pamm, kas-kas ba na maali li ka nyaan di diib nɛ ba ya'a ti bɛ malim malʋŋ la. Din ka sixteenth century gbaʋŋ sɔbir kanɛ ka o yʋ'ʋr buon Bernardino de Sahagún la da sɔb Aztec di'ema malʋŋ linɛ ka octli daam nuub bɛɛ li ni:

Ban da kpa'ad Ku'om si'emi nwa': ba ya'a nu octli daam naae, ba na lɛm octli danpaalig gɔs, sɔ' ya'a maal octli daam o na la'as nidib bɛdegʋ. O ya'a nɔki li sun'ul dʋgʋsʋŋ la zug, bʋtiis banɛ ka ba na nɔki nu la dɔlli. Ka yiiga sɔ nyaan nu la, o na zaŋ octli linɛ bɛ bʋtiŋin ka bu'oe bas dʋgʋsʋŋ la ni; o na bu'oe bas datiʋŋ nɛ dagɔbʋg nɛ tuon nɛ nya'aŋ wʋsa. O ya'a maal nwa' wʋsa naae sɔ' mɛkama yʋ'ʋn tʋn'e nu di.[41]

Asia teŋin

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Hinduism pʋ'ʋsʋm

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Ba kaanbid bɛɛ pʋ'ʋsidi Vamana ba'ar la.

Tarpan (li gbin pa'ali kasi Ku'om ka ba mɔr kaanbid) bɛ Jagannath Ghat, nɛ Kolkata tembanɛ bɛ Pitru Paksha naarin la.

Hinduism pʋ'ʋsʋm ni ku'om kpa'ar pɛ'ɛsi Tarpan ka ba mɛ maannɛ li Pitru Paksha (kpi'imnam yʋ'ʋŋ) malʋŋ saŋa kanɛ dɔl Hindu Bhadrapada nwadig la, (mɔtul nwadig-sawa'ar nwadig).[42] India nɛ Nepal tɛɛnsin la, win kanɛ ka ba buon Shiva la (ka li yʋ'ʋr lɛn an Vishnu nɛ bada banɛ bɛ la) ka banɛ siak nɛ ba suunr wʋsa ka yi pʋ'ʋsʋm dɔɔdin kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb ni na ye ba tʋm la, tisid win kaŋa abhisheka nɛ ku'om saŋa kanɛ wʋsa ka ba keŋ ye kaae pʋ'ʋsʋm yir la, nɛ la'aʋŋ sieba ni, ba kennɛ ka mɔr ku'om nɛ iilim nɛ yogurt, ghee, siind nɛ sigir.

Burmese Buddhism pʋ'ʋsʋm

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Burmese Buddhism dim pʋ'ʋsʋm ni, ba buon ku'om kpa'ar malʋŋ ye yay zet cha (ရေစက်ချ), ka li anɛ malʋŋ kanɛ ka ba kabigid ku'om yit zin'ikanɛ ka ku'om bunni yit niŋid nwamin, la'am nɛ Buddhist malima banɛ an la'aʋŋ kanɛ an sʋŋir yɛla, nɛ shinbyu malima nɛ di'ema bɛdegʋ ni. Ba maan ku'om kpa'ar malʋŋ kaŋa nɛ ye ba pʋdig bʋnsʋŋ nɛ tɛmis pistan' ne yinne (31) banɛ gilig la wʋsa.[43] Malʋŋ la mɔri yɛlkpan winsɔsʋg atan' : yadda yɛlisim, ku'om kpa'ar nɛ yɛlsʋm pʋdigir.[44] Ka ban kpa'ae ku'om saŋa si'a la, ka yadda yɛlisim kanɛ ka ba buon ye hsu taung imaya dhammanu (ဆုတောင်း ဣမာယ ဓမ္မာနု), la monks gat tuon ka ba yɛt nɛ li nɛ nɔɔr.[45]

Ka yɛlsʋm bɛɛ bʋnsʋŋ linɛ ka ba mɔr la, ba pʋdigi li zin'is atan' (ba buon ye ahmya wei အမျှဝေ) ka dʋ'ʋsi ba kʋkɔya yɛt ye:[44]

(Banɛ wʋsa na nyaŋ wʋm ban n wʋm), ti pʋdigidi ti barika nɛ saalib.

(Kya kya thahmya), ahmya ahmya ahmya yu daw mu gya ba gon law''

((ကြားကြားသမျှ) အမျှ အမျှ အမျှ ယူတော်မူကြပါ ကုန်လော)

Din nya'aŋ la, ba la'as nɔɔr yinnɛ, ka nidib la na yɛl nɔzi'elʋg tak nɔɔr atan': thadu (သာဓု, sadhu), ka li gbin pa'al ye "fʋ mɔya", ka li nwɛnnɛ karimbiisi yɛt ye Ami la. Din nya'aŋ la, ba na nɔk kaanbʋg ku'om bu'oe bas teŋin, ye li mɔr ku'om la lɛb ba'ar kanɛ ka ba buon ye Vasudhara la san'an. Teŋgban kanɛ an pu'a ka ba buon ye Vasudhara la na gbirigi duoe kena gɔs malima la.[45]

Na'asanam la da nam pʋ kena di'e teŋ la, ba da maan ku'om kpa'ar malʋŋ la saŋkanɛ ka ba ye ba diis Burmese sʋ'ʋlʋm na'anam. Li da da anɛ malʋŋ suoya banɛ sɔb bɛ Raza Thewaka Dipani Kyan gbaʋŋ ni, ka an linɛ mɔr sɔbʋg 1849 linɛ pa'an Burmese na'anam na'am diisʋg yɛla.[46][47]

Ku'om linɛ ka ba da mɔri kaanbid Vasudhara ba'ar la tʋn'e mɔr Buddhist malima nya'ar, ba tis sida ye na'ab Bimbisara da pin'ili li. O da kpa'ae ku'om kaanb ye o pʋdig o barika tis o yaanam banɛ lieb o sʋŋidib la.[48][49][50]

Ba mɛ lɛn maan ba'ar malʋŋ kaŋa bɛ Thai nɛ Leothia malima teŋir la ye ba ta'as barika, linɛ ka ba buon ye kruat nam (กรวดน้ำ) nɛ yaat nam la.[51]

China teŋin

dɛmisim gbɛlima

China dim malima ni, mui ku'om bɛɛ tea ka ba yiti zaŋ bu'oe bas maan bimbim tuon, bɛɛ kugulammir zug, ka ba bu'oe puue yi datiʋŋ ti paae dagɔbʋg nɛ ba nu'us ayi' wʋsa ka li an maan tis bada nɛ na'asi tis kpi'imnam. Ba yiti nɔk maan la niŋi maan bimbim la zug ka li yuug bi'ela ka ba nyaan nɔki kaanbɛ. Malim banɛ ni bɛdegʋ ka ba maan ye li na'as wina, ku'om kpa'ar la na maal bɛ maana banɛ ka ba nyu'oe nɛ bugum la ni; ka kpi'imnam kaanbʋg ni ba bu'odi daam la basid teŋin.

Japan teŋin pʋ'ʋsʋm

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Pʋ'ʋskanɛ ka ba buon ye Shinto la, ba buon ba'ar kaanbʋg nɛ daam maana ye miki, ka li gbin pa'al ye "bada la daam". Ba ya'a ti kaanbid Shinto teŋgban la, asɛɛ ka nɔk mui daam kanɛ mɔr mi'isʋg la kaanb, amaa ba ya'a maan ku'om kpa'ar nɛ yin ba nɔkidi ku'ozaal kanɛ na nyaŋi tiak bɛkiʋng wʋsa kaanbid. Kʋnt liŋ bɛɛ kʋnt bʋtiŋ linɛ ka ba pʋ si'el bʋligi li vɛnlim la kaanbid.

Buudbanɛ bɛ Japan ya-nya'aŋ ka ba buonnɛ ba ye Ainu la, ba mɔri malʋŋ dansaar linɛ ka ba maali li ka li vɛnl la nɛ kɔnbʋg zilim n kaanbid bada.

Gbanvɛɛnsa

dɛmisim gbɛlima
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Adams & Mallory 1997, p. 351: From the same root derives the Latin verb spondeo, "promise, vow".
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nehusi, Kimani S.K. (2016). Libation. An Afrikan Ritual of Heritage in the Circle of Life. University Press of America. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7618-6710-4.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Delia, 1992, pp. 181-190
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 James, George G. M. (1954). Stolen Legacy. New York: Philosophical Library.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Armah, Ayi Kwei (2006). The Eloquence of the Scribes: a memoir on the sources and resources of African literature. Popenguine, Senegal: Per Ankh. p. 207.
  6. ↑ Yellin, Janice W. "Abaton-style milk libation at Meroe" (PDF). Meroitic Studies.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ashby, Solange (December 2019). "Milk Libations for Osiris Nubian Piety at Philae". Near Eastern Archaeology. 82 (4): 200–209. doi:10.1086/705360.
  8. ↑ Zaidman, Louise Bruit; Schmitt Pantel, Pauline (1992). Religion in the Ancient Greek City. Translated by Paul Cartledge. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42357-1.
  9. ↑ Burkert, Walter (1985). Greek Religion. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-36281-9.
  10. ↑ Hesiod, Works and Days 724–726.
  11. ↑ Zaidman, Louise Bruit; Schmitt Pantel, Pauline (1992). Religion in the Ancient Greek City. Translated by Paul Cartledge. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42357-1.
  12. ↑ Zaidman & Schmitt Pantel 1992, p. 40; Burkert 1985, pp. 72–73.
  13. ↑ Zaidman, Louise Bruit; Schmitt Pantel, Pauline (1992). Religion in the Ancient Greek City. Translated by Paul Cartledge. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42357-1.
  14. ↑ Burkert, Walter (1985). Greek Religion. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-36281-9.
  15. ↑ Furley, William D. (2010). "Prayers and Hymns". A Companion to Greek Religion. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 127.
  16. ↑ Bremmer, Jan N. (2010). "Greek Normative Animal Sacrifice". A Companion to Greek Religion. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 138
  17. ↑ Zaidman & Schmitt Pantel 1992, p. 36; Burkert 1985, p. 71.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Burkert, Walter (1985). Greek Religion. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-36281-9.
  19. ↑ Burkert, Walter (1985). Greek Religion. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-36281-9.
  20. ↑ Gunnel Ekroth, "Heroes and Hero-Cult," in A Companion to Greek Religion, p. 107.
  21. ↑ D. Felton, "The Dead," in A Companion to Greek Religion, p. 88.
  22. ↑ Burkert, Walter (1985). Greek Religion. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-36281-9.
  23. ↑ Scheid, John (2007). "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors". In Rüpke, Jörg (ed.). A Companion to Roman Religion. Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-78268-489-3.
  24. ↑ Isidore of Seville, Etymologies 6.19.32.
  25. ↑ Robert Turcan, The Gods of Ancient Rome (Routledge, 2001; originally published in French 1998), p. 66.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Moede 2007, pp. 165, 168
  27. ↑ Nicole Belayche, "Religious Actors in Daily Life: Practices and Related Beliefs," in A Companion to Roman Religion, p. 280.
  28. ↑ Jonathan Williams, "Religion and Roman Coins," in A Companion to Roman Religion, pp. 153–154.
  29. ↑ Scheid 2007, p. 265.
  30. ↑ Scheid 2007, pp. 270–271.
  31. ↑ Nicola Denzey Lewis, entry on "Catacombs," The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome (Oxford University Press, 2010), vol. 1, p. 58; John R. Clarke, Art in the Lives of Ordinary Romans: Visual Representation and Non-elite Viewers in Italy, 100 B.C.–A.D. 315 (University of California Press, 2003), p. 197.
  32. ↑ Such as Jupiter Latiaris and Pales.
  33. ↑ Hendrik H.J. Brouwer, Bona Dea: The Sources and a Description of the Cult (Brill, 1989), pp. 328–329.
  34. ↑ Robert E.A. Palmer, Rome and Carthage at Peace (Franz Steiner, 1997), pp. 80–81, 86–88.
  35. ↑ Bar, Shaul (2016). A Nation Is Born: The Jacob Story. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-4982-3935-6. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  36. ↑ מים a Sukkot Rain Making Ritual - TheTorah.com". www.thetorah.com. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
  37. ↑ "Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 26:7, Matthew 26:28, Mark 14:24, Luke 22:20, Acts 2:33, Acts 10:45, Romans 5:5, Philippians 2:7, Philippians 2:17 - World English Bible". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  38. ↑ Warren, Meredith (2018). "The Cup of God's Wrath: Libation and Early Christian Meal Practice in Revelation". Religions. 9 (12): 413. doi:10.3390/rel9120413.
  39. ↑ Blackman, Aylward M. (1916). "Libations to the Dead in Modern Nubia and Ancient Egypt". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 3 (1): 31–34. doi:10.2307/3853589. ISSN 0307-5133. JSTOR 3853589.
  40. ↑ Naguib, Saphinaz-Amal (2008-04-18). "Survivals of Pharaonic Religious Practices in Contemporary Coptic Christianity". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. 1 (1).
  41. ↑ Sahagún, Bernardino de; Nicholson, Henry B. (March 23, 1997). Primeros Memoriales. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806129099 – via Google Books.
  42. ↑ "Indian Hindu devotee performs "Tarpan"". Hindustan Times. Oct 2010. Archived from the original on 2014-12-15. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
  43. ↑ Spiro, Melford E. (1996). Burmese supernaturalism. Transaction Publishers. pp. 44–47. ISBN 978-1-56000-882-8.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 ဝတ်ရွတ်စဉ် (PDF) (in Burmese). Austin, Texas: သီတဂူဗုဒ္ဓဝိဟာရ. 2011. pp. 34–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-18. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Spiro, Melford E. (1982). Buddhism and society: a great tradition and its Burmese vicissitudes. University of California Press. pp. 213–214. ISBN 978-0-520-04672-6.
  46. ↑ "The AungZay Institute Inc. - Notes on Statecraft". Archived from the original on 2009-05-25. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
  47. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  48. ↑ Houtman, Gustaaf (1990). Traditions of Buddhist Practice in Burma. ILCAA. pp. 53–55.
  49. ↑ "Archived copy". www.usamyanmar.net. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  50. ↑ "The king performs merit in the name of his ancestors reborn as petas (hungry ghosts); the peta rejoice in the act and receive a share of the merit". Mahidol University. 2002. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  51. ↑ Hayashi, Yukio (2003). Practical Buddhism among the Thai-Lao: religion in the making of a region. Trans Pacific Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-4-87698-454-1.
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