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Bɛŋa

Bɛŋa anɛ biili wɛla banɛ an bʋnbʋtir bielif buudi wʋsa kanɛ bɛ Fabaceae buudi ni ka bɛŋid tiis wɛn. Ka an zɛnvaand diib ka saalib nɛ kⴢnbid dit. Li dʋgʋb buudi zuoya, ba anɛ dʋgʋb kiimʋg, nɛ sɛn’ɛb ka an buudi bɛdigʋ diib dunia nwa ni.Baŋid tiis la bɛnɛ zɛnma'asa lʋgʋr la ni, tibama buudi la ka'e tibɛda banɛ yuugida, ba ya'a wɛl ka ba pɔn' naae ba yiti kpinɛ. Bɛŋa anɛ zɛnwaad tis ninsaal bɛɛ bʋmkɔnbid diib[1] Di na nyaŋi kilim diibi bɛ zin'is bɛdigʋ[2]; dʋgʋb, kiimʋg, bɛɛ sɛn' wʋʋ bodobodo nɛ ka nidib bɛdigʋ mɔri maani ba buudi diib.

bean
common name
Subclass ofseed, food, food crop, legume Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Natural product of taxonFabaceae Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Unicode character🫘 Dɛmisim gbɛlima

Bɛŋa tʋʋm

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Dinɛ mɔr ningbiŋ maalʋg la'ad laa, di gɔsid ningbiŋ bɛdim bɛllim, di tisid vʋm yuugir nɛ ban'as sieba nwɛnnɛ susunya wiim, nɛ sikir wiim wʋsa[3].

Pian'azut

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Pian’a zug nwa, “bɛŋir” nɛ lin sin’iŋ nɛ Germanic cognate ni la ( wʋʋ German Bohne)  da pʋn bɛ West Germanic languages pian’ad naming ka 12 century la nyaan paae, ka pian’a zut ban anɛ bɛŋ-lamma, (broad beans), chickpeas nɛ bɛŋ sieba banɛɛ bɛ nwana pʋʋginPian’azug la gbipian’a zug nwa, “bɛŋir” nɛ lin sin’iŋ nɛ Germanic cognate ni la ( wʋʋ German Bohne)  da pʋn bɛ West Germanic languages pian’ad naming ka 12 century la nyaan paae, ka pian’a zut ban anɛ bɛŋ-lamma, (broad beans), chickpeas nɛ bɛŋ sieba banɛɛ bɛ nwana pʋʋgin. Pian’aug linɛ an “bɛŋa” la anɛ German dim pian’ad (Titυυnli, German Bohne) anɛ pian’aug linɛ da an West Germanic dim pian’ad hali ka 12th century da nam pυ paae, (3) ka li gbin bigis ye bɛŋa nam bɛdigυ, bielim baanlυg chickpeasg, bɛŋ-bυυda nam banɛ bɛ. Nɛ’ da naami yυυg hali ka ba da naam baŋ dunia genus Phaseolus linɛ Europe la. Columbian dim, Europe dim nɛ America dim n da ti’asid bυnbυυda nam la, ba da buonɛ li ye pod-borne bυnbυυda, ka li pa’al ye bɛŋa kanɛ ka sɔ’ wυsa mi’ la nɛ bɛŋ-tɛɛnda, wala banɛ nwan wala buudi nam. Nannanna, ba nɔk pian’azug nwa n pυt bυnwanna tita’am banɛ nwan woo bɛŋa la pυt ye bɛŋa., (3)(4) ba sieba woo kikeugυn bɛŋa, bɛg-sabilla, nɛ sieba, hali nɛ banɛ pυ nwannɛ ba tituaa la, woo kɔfɛ bɛŋa, vanilla bɛŋa, kasta bɛŋa, nɛ kɔɔkɔ bɛŋa. Pian’azug “bɛŋa” nwa, ba tun’e nɔki li pυt bυnwanna kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb buudi.  [4]

Bυnbυυda linɛ buon ye “bɛŋa” la paas bυbυυda nam nɛ zυυdnam wυsa ni linɛ buon ye (bυnwanna),[3] la’amnɛ ba yυda la pυ dɔl taaba saŋa pamm ni la (hali ka ban mɔri ba tυm si’el la la’am bɛ kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb sυ’υlυm nam pυυgin la). Pian’azuta ayi nwa, bɛŋa nɛ zυυd, anɛ banɛ ka ba ɛɛnti su’a ba gur kuob saŋa amaa bυnbυυda banɛ nyɛ’ɛnd tɛŋin ka ba bili an baanlυg la lɛɛ pυ paasɛ nɛ banɛ ka ba pυ mɔri ba tυm zυυd tυυma nam la (woo yaama nam kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb), woo yaamma’asa nam. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization dim pian’a bigis “Bɛŋa, kυdυg” gbin (li pian’ad saafi anɛ 176)[5] ye li tυmnɛ n bɛ Phaseolus ni ma’aa. Nɛ’ anɛ titυυnli kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb pa’annɛ pian’ad nɛ si’enam gbin n an si’em giŋa ti dunia nwa bɛllimin li ya’a kɛnɛ zυυdnam yɛla ni nɛ tinam na nɔk yυ’υr yinnɛ pυt la’ad bɛdigυ; Titυυnli pian’aug yinnɛ linɛ ka ti mɔri kpanbidi buon si’elnam bɛdigυ anɛ biilif, ka yɛlsida la anɛ ye n tɔɔsi anɛ bυnwanna, kpaadib ni amaa ka ba lɛɛ kpabi li la’asi buon ye zɛvaand. Kpinnim linɛ bɛ anɛ ye zɛvaand nam bɛdigυ ka ba buonnɛ ba ye bɛŋa, ba sieba anɛ , bɛŋ-tɛɛnda, bɛŋ-sabilla nɛ bɛŋ-wa’anam nɛ akanitifolia (nwadig pυυgin bɛŋa), bama wυsa da la’asi anɛ Phaseolus amaa ka lin nya’aŋ ka ba baki baa maa lin wυsa pυυgin la ba pυ bas ban da mɔri ba tυm si’el laa.

Li kuob

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Bɛŋa on pʋ nwɛn wʋʋ pea linɛ nwɛn wʋʋ bɛŋa laa, bɛŋa anɛ zʋʋd banɛ maan titu’aa tʋʋlʋg saŋa. Ba vaand la mɛn tisidi ba linɛ ka ba bɔɔd ka ba na nyaŋi maal sʋŋa ka pʋ bɔɔd bʋgʋlʋm wʋʋ zʋʋd banɛ kpɛlim laa. Ba biib nyain anɛ lin yi dabisim 55-60 lin yi ba bʋdʋb saŋa ti paae ba bʋnib saŋa.[6] Bɛŋa nwa mɛŋim ya’a ti niŋ pa’adi naae, ba lɛbigidnɛ dɔnbʋʋnlʋm ka si’iŋi kʋdʋgid, ka bɛŋ-bielim linɛ bɛ pa’ad la pʋʋg la mɛ ti’ak dian’am n lɛbig wiig bigis ye li kʋdigi ya titu’aa. Bɛŋa nam tita’am anɛ banɛ tɛɛnd, ka ti ya’a gɔsɛ zʋʋd bama nam buudi bɔɔd sʋŋir, li tun’e an ye ti bɔ daadi ti’el ka ba nyaŋi tiɛn dʋ. American dim tita’am ɛɛnti la’asi ba n bʋt nɛ kawanna nɛ zʋʋd sieba nam,[7] ka kawnna la wa’alim la sʋŋ bɛŋa nam la ka ba nyaŋi tɛɛn dɔ maal tituaa.

Nannanna, “mɔɔgin bɛŋa” nyaŋidi yu’un nɔbigid hali ka pʋ lɛm bɔɔd ye ba ti’al o si’el ka o dɔɔ ka nyaŋi tɛn’ tituaa hali gaad banɛ ka ba nɔk daadi sʋŋi ti’a ba la.[8] Nɛ’ zugu kɛ ka mɔɔgin bɛŋa mɔr da’a hali gaad bɛŋ-banɛ kpɛlim la.

Li sin’iŋir (labakʋda)

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Bɛŋa sʋm da anɛ ye,li da anɛ dikanɛ da tisid ziim kʋdimin sa la ti paae nananna nwa zʋmaaʋŋ dim yɛla ni, ka nan kpɛn an sʋm .Bɛŋa paas yiiga bʋnbʋtta banɛ ka ba da kuod. Bɛŋ-yalima, Broad beans, ka ba lɛn buon ye fava beans la bɛ nɛ ba mⴢⴢgin bɛllimin la ka zɛm wʋʋ nʋ’ʋbil fiinf nʋian nɛ, ka ba da paami li nɛ Afghanitan teŋgbaʋŋʋn nɛ Himalayan zouya lɛma ni,[9]

Li yiiga kuob buudi Thailand teŋgbaʋŋʋn yʋʋma kⴢbis yⴢpⴢi BCE, la ken sa, ka ya’ad tʋʋʋma pʋn bɛ.[10] Ba da mⴢr bɛŋa paasidi kumin nɛ mum Egypt kʋdʋg, teŋgbaʋŋʋn, ancient Egypt ka yʋʋma kⴢbis yi BCE, la nyaan da paae ka ba kuo li la, bɛŋ-biela yalima da kpɛn Aegean sʋ’ʋlimin, Aegean region, Iberia nɛ transslpine Europe.[11] Iliad teŋin (century 8 BCE la ni) Bɛŋa nɛ chickpeas  yʋ’ʋr pʋdig ya zʋmaaŋ wʋsa ni ziemisin.[12]

Yiiga mⴢⴢgin bɛŋa kanɛ ka ba da pin’ili kuo America teŋin da yinɛ Guitarrero cave, Guitarrero kuglɛma ni, nɛ bʋnvʋya bɛllim  zin’is yɛla vɛɛnsigin Peru teŋin hali yʋʋma kⴢbis yi la BCE[13] saŋa ni sa. Phaseolus bɛŋa buudi an si’em vɛɛnsʋg pa’al ye li yinɛ Mesoamerica teŋin ka widigi kpɛn li ya-dagⴢbʋg, la’am nɛ kawɛna, maize nɛ squash daam, bʋnbʋtta kanɛ ka ba da kuod hali.[14]

Bɛŋa banɛ ka nidib dit tita’am zina nwa bɛdigʋ anɛ genus phaseolus la sieba, ka da yinɛ America teŋin. Europe nid onɛ da nyɛɛ ba yiiga da anɛ Chritopher Columbus on da gⴢⴢnd zin’i kanɛ da nwɛn wʋʋ Bahamas nɛ, ka nyɛ ka ba nⴢbigid pⴢⴢdin.[15] Columbia kʋdʋg  buudi nidib da kuod phaseolus bɛŋa la buudi anu ba pⴢⴢdin: ba da kuod sⴢ’ wʋsa bɛŋa (P vulgaris) Chili teŋin ti paae ya-datiʋŋ zin’I kanɛ yʋʋn buon United States la; ka lima nɛ sieve bɛŋa (P lunatus) nɛ linɛ pʋ ba’ bɛla teparies (P acutifolius), scarlet runner bɛŋa (P cococineus), polyanthus bɛŋa.[16]    

Kʋdʋmin yin bɛŋa banɛ bɛ America ka ti mi' la da yinɛ Guitarrero Cave kanɛ an archaeological site linɛ bɛ Peru ni, ka bɛ hali paae millennium BCE kanɛ paas ayi' la ni na. Phaseolus banɛ vɛɛns bɛŋa yɛla la yɛl ye li yinɛ Mesoamerica ni na, ka yadigi la bi'el-bi'eli paae southward, la'am nɛ kawɛna nɛ squash zʋʋd bana ka ba bʋdit saŋa wʋsa.

Bɛŋa buudi banɛ ka ti dit zina la paasi genus Phaseolus ni, linɛ yi America sʋ'ʋlʋmin na. Ka European dim daʋ kanɛ da nyɛɛ li yiiga da anɛ Christopher Columbus on da ieed ye o baŋ Bahamas la ka nyɛɛ ba mɔɔgin ka nɔbigid. Phaseolus bɛŋa buudi anu ka pre-Columbian dim da mɔri ba kʋli bʋdi ba yin ka ba lieb yin zʋʋd: bɛŋa banɛ ka nidib bɛdegʋ mi' (P. vulgaris) nɔbigi yi Chile ti paae United state ya-nya'aŋ; ka lima nɛ sieva bɛŋa (P. lunatus); nɛ teparies banɛ pʋ yadig zin'ig wʋsa la (P. acutifolius), nɛ scarlet runner bɛŋa (P. coccineus), nɛ polyanthus bɛŋa.

Labaar yinnɛ kanɛ ka pre-Columbian kʋdʋmin nidib da sɔb bɛŋa yɛla sʋ'ʋŋa la yʋ'ʋri an "pu'asada atan' " tiig sɛɛb nɔɔr-yinnɛ suor: "pu'asada atan' " tiig sɛɛb nɔɔr-yinnɛ suor la bɛnɛ nimbanɛ bɛ lalli wʋʋ Atlantic ya-nya-aŋ Ku'om gbɛʋg la ni sa: Ka buudi bɛdegʋ la'am kuod bɛŋa bɛɛ zʋʋd banɛ du'ad bielim nɛ squash. Ba pʋ bʋrit Kawɛna la vuk-vuk wʋʋ bam bʋdi li European si'em laa, amaa li bʋditnɛ nɛ ti-gɛndis banɛ duodi agɔl pʋʋgin ka ba lal taaba wʋʋ nɔba makir ayuobʋ. Ba na bʋt bɛŋa la nɛ gilig ti-gɛndʋg la gbinnin ka ba nyaŋi nyɛ paalʋ duoe agɔl ti-gɛndʋg la ya'a zu'oe agɔl. American dim bɛŋa wʋsa saŋkan la da anɛ vine tiis; "mɔɔgin bɛŋa" da bʋtnɛ nannana. Kawɛn daʋg la anɛ sʋŋiri tis bɛŋa la, ka bɛŋa la mɛ tis Kawɛna la kʋ'ʋlʋm kanɛ li bɔɔd ka nyaŋi wal. Ka ba li’is squash kawɛna la ni pⴢⴢgin la. Kawɛna la na lusi ba bi’ela ka nintaŋ kʋ nwɛn’ ba, ka lus teŋ la titan la ka li kʋ’ʋlim la kʋ lieb walim yii, ka na gu’ kⴢnbid bɛdigʋ ka ba kʋ paae daam kawɛna la nɛ bɛŋa la, bⴢzʋgⴢ ba vaand la anɛ fura-fura, ka mⴢri kⴢnbʋlʋg, ka li vaand la an tiriba tiriba la, li tⴢi nɛ kɛ ka bʋnkⴢnbid wʋʋ gbambʋʋg nɛ ....... pʋ tun’oe kpɛn’ɛdi li pʋʋginɛ, agaand pʋ sigidi li ni, ka li mɛ kat bʋnkⴢnb sieba ka ba pʋ tun’oe kpɛn’ɛdi li nii.

Ba da kuob bɛŋa Chili teŋ wʋsa ni, Hispanic kʋdʋg saŋa la, hali laligi paae Chiloe Archipelago.[17]

Bɛŋ kpiemis yinɛ bɛŋa buudi kʋda bʋn yalima la ni (fava beans) nɛ yuolʋŋ bɛŋa buudi la (kidney, black, cranberry, pinto,, navy/haricof).

Bɛŋa buudi nam banɛ bɛ saŋa wʋsa

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Diib nam bɛdigʋ banɛ ka ti buon ye “bɛŋa”, “legumes”, “lentils” nɛ “pulse” anɛ buudi yinne. Fabaceae (“leguminous” plant), ka lɛɛɛ yinɛ buudi kⴢn’ⴢb-kⴢn’ⴢb ni, li bɛ tens kⴢn’ⴢb-kⴢn’ⴢb, ka pʋdigi  gilig dunia nwa wʋsa ni, ka li anɛ zin’I kanɛ ka ba na nyaŋi zi’en.[18] Bɛŋa buudi bɛdigʋ vaand anɛ diib, li van ma’asa la ( li wal la mɛŋ wʋsa, bɛŋ-bielif tun’oe bɛ wal la pʋʋg bɛɛ kae) bɛɛ waŋ la (bɛŋ-bielif kanɛ nam pʋ kpɛ’ɛŋɛ linɛ kpɛ’ɛŋ ka nan ma’as, bɛɛ linɛ kpɛ’ɛŋ ka kʋdʋg). Bɛŋa buudi nam bɛdigʋ nwɛnɛ, ka nyaŋi zi’en temis bɛdigʋ dunia nwa wʋsa ni kɛ ka ba buudi kⴢn’ⴢb-kⴢn’ⴢb nam la yʋda mⴢri nwɛnnim.

Bɛŋ biela suab

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Lin zaŋ 2023 yʋʋm la ni, the Norwegian Svalbard Global Seed Vault sⴢs nⴢⴢrim 40,000  ka gban’ae  pa’an ye, phaseolus bɛŋa buudi la yɛla.[19]

Bɛŋa an si’em

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Li malisim

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Bɛŋa wal kanɛ nan an dɛn’ɛm anɛ 90% ku’om, 7% carbohydrate, 2% protein, ka mⴢri fat, kpaam bi’ela kanɛ pʋ baŋid ye li bɛɛ. bɛŋa 100 grams (3.5 oz) diib pʋʋgin nɛɛ, bɛŋa kanɛ nan dɛn’ɛm la tittɛ calories 31 food energy ni, ka (10-19% Daily Value, DV) vitamin C (15% DV) nɛ Vitamin B6 (11% DV), ka lin lɛɛ zɛmis nɛ, li pʋ pⴢⴢda, li mɛ pʋ zu’oe galisɛ, ka micronutrients sieba pʋ lɛm bɛ saa.

Bɛŋa banɛ pʋ mⴢri malisimm

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Bɛŋa buudi bɛdigʋ, wʋʋ sianif bɛŋa la pʋ mⴢri malisim, antinutrients ka an banɛ kɛt ka diib kanɛ niŋgbina la pʋ nyaŋi tʋm sʋ’ʋm. phytic acid nɛ phylates, banɛ bɛ ki naming, wala, biili nɛ bɛŋa, gu’udi kⴢnba kpɛ’ɛgir nɛ Vitamin D tʋʋma. Edward Milianby, 1939 yʋʋm la ni, an onɛ da pin’ili vɛɛns phytic acid daamig diibin.[20][21]

Nimsa’asim yɛla

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Bʋnbɛ’ɛd nam

dɛmisim gbɛlima

    Gbana la mɛŋ: phytohaemagglutinin nɛ soybean agglutinin  

Bɛŋa buudi sieba bʋmbɛ’ɛd nam linɛ mⴢri daamʋg, kanɛ pʋ baŋid diibi nɛ:lectin phytoheamagglutinin, linɛ an tilas ye li yisi bas, ka li na dⴢlis nɛ dʋdʋbi nɛ yi. Kidney beans zian mɛŋ la anɛ bʋmbɛ’ɛd, amaa buudi sieba mɛ an bɛ’ɛd diibin, food poisoning. La’am nɛ li ya’ anɛ bi’el bi’el (bɛŋa 4 bɛɛ 5) tun’oe kɛ ka pʋ-zabir naam, tiind naam, nɛ saan ban’as. Bɛ’ɛd kaŋa pʋ bɛ kʋŋkⴢna bɛŋa la nii, bⴢzugⴢ, ban pʋn dʋg nɛ sa. Bɛŋa sʋ’ʋm ka li dʋgʋ paae wʋʋ minti piiga; bɛŋa ya’ pʋ dʋgʋ bi’igɛ, li bɛ’ɛd la gat lin na pʋ dʋgɛ.[22]

Ya’ dʋgʋd bɛŋa ka pʋ kɛ ka li lɛ’ɛd bi’el bi’el la, ka bugum la tʋʋlʋg pʋ an bi’ela, slow cooker li kʋ nyaŋi sa’ami li bɛ’ɛd laa.[23] Butter beans, bɛŋa la daanmⴢg da yi falafel labaya ni; ba da zaŋi bɛŋ banɛ wʋ’ʋl ka yaae li yadig li pʋ dʋgʋda, ka gmi'a lii kiim dʋg-Pɛŋ pʋʋgin, shallow fried ka lɛɛ bas bɛŋ biel yalima, broad beans la bɛɛ chickpeas.[24]

Nima’asim tʋʋma lʋgʋr la pʋ mi’ bɛŋa bɛ’ɛd la sʋ’ʋŋaa, kɛ ka ba pʋ vɛɛnsidi li yɛla ti’ebig zin’isi nɛ, bɛɛ ba zi’ pian li yɛlaa;  kɛ ka lin daam sieba pʋ baŋida. UK teŋgbaʋg zug Nationl Poisons Information Service la zin’igin nɛɛ, nima’asim tʋmtʋmnib ma’aa mⴢri bɛŋ zian bɛ’ɛd baŋirɛ, li da pʋ flagg 2008 yʋʋm la nii.[25]

Fermentation, Africa teŋ sieba ni, ba mi’ilim nɛ bɛŋa, ye li paasi li malisim la, ka yisi li bɛ’ɛd la. Mi’ilʋŋ kanɛ pʋ mⴢri sammɛ paasid nɛ malisim la paŋ li ya’ an bɛŋ-zⴢ’ⴢm ka kɛ ka li tʋʋma pʋʋrin la an sʋ’ʋm; vɛɛnsʋg kanɛ ka Emire Shimelis paasi li ni, Food and Engineering Program, Addis Ababa teŋin University.[26] Bɛŋa an dikanɛ tisid niŋgbiʋŋ nⴢbigiri, protein gat di banɛ kpɛlim la Kenya, Malawi Tanzania, Uganda nɛ Zambia temisin.[27]

Bɛŋ vaand mⴢr bʋnvʋ bɛ’ɛdnam

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Nidib bʋt bɛŋa, beanssprouts, kɛt ka mung beans buudi la bul teŋ ma’asir kanɛ tʋl waam ni. Bɛŋ vaand mⴢri dʋgid diib, bɛɛ dii li kansir bɛɛ li ya’a waai, ban’as buudi naam ya, outbreak of disease, ka li yinɛ bʋnvʋ bɛ’ɛd kanɛ kpɛn’ bɛŋa ni, ka li anɛ salmonella, listeria nɛ Escherichia coli, bɛŋ vaand ya’ pʋ dʋgi bi’igɛ,[28] ka li sieba ta’asid kum.[29]

Binfaasim

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Bɛŋa banɛ an diib bɛdigʋ, la’am nɛ bɛŋ biel yalima la, ku’omin bɛŋa la, nɛ soybeans mⴢri oligosaccharides (raffinose nɛ stachyose ma’aa), buudi kanɛ mⴢri sikir ka mɛ bɛ cabbage ni. Linɛ na sa’am oligosaccharides enzyme paŋ la buudim bɛ linɛ na kɛ ka sikir bama tʋm sʋ’ʋŋa. Ninsaal pʋʋri tʋm nɛ diib si’em la, li pʋ mⴢri linɛ na san’am bɛ’ɛd banɛ sig pʋʋrin  la paŋa, ka bacterial lɛɛ tum’oe li tʋʋma nyⴢbɛda la ni. Diib la nɛɛmig yisid pɛbisim, wʋʋ methane, ka li yinɛ diibin la, ka yʋʋn lieb binfaansim, flatulence.[30][31][32][33]

Lin  kuod si’em

dɛmisim gbɛlima

     Gbaʋŋ la mɛŋ: Legume & Production

FAO yisid bɛŋa kuob yɛla pa’an, ka li bɛ nɛ zin’is buudi atan:

   1. pulse dry: ya’ yis soybeans nɛ suma, bɛŋa buudi wʋsa banɛ kpɛlim la, biela banɛ kpɛ’ɛŋ ka kʋʋdʋg la.

   2. Oil crops: soybeans nɛ suma.

  3. Fresh vegetables: bɛŋa buudi wʋsa vaan mɛma.

FAO labaar la wʋsa bɛ teŋir bi'ela la.[34]

Bɛŋa buudi wʋsa kuob (million metric tons)

dɛmisim gbɛlima
Bɛŋa kuob (million metric tons)
Zʋʋd

[FAO code][35]

1961 1981 2001 2015 2016 Ratio

2016 /1961

pian'ad
Total pulses (dry) [1726] 40.78 41.63 56.23 77.57 81.80 2.01 Per capita production had decreased.

(Population increase was 2.4×)

Kpaam zʋʋd (dry)
Soybeans [236] 26.88 88.53 177.02 323.20 334.89 12.46 Drastic increase driven by the demand for animal feeds and oil.
Groundnuts, with shell [242] 14.13 20.58 35.82 45.08 43.98 3.11
Van-ma'asa (80–90% water)
Beans, green [414] 2.63 4.09 10.92 23.12 23.60 8.96
Peas, green [417] 3.79 5.66 12.41 19.44 19.88 5.25
Banɛ kuodi di bɛdegʋ, Wʋsa= [1726][36] (million metric tons)
Teŋ 2016 pʋʋr pian'ad
Total 81.80 100%
1 India 17.56 21.47%
2 Canada 8.20 10.03%
3 Myanmar 6.57 8.03%
4 China 4.23 5.17%
5 Nigeria 3.09 3.78%
6 Russia 2.94 3.60%
7 Ethiopia 2.73 3.34%
8 Brazil 2.62 3.21%
9 Australia 2.52 3.09%
10 USA 2.44 2.98%
11 Niger 2.06 2.51%
12 Tanzania 2.00 2.45%
Others 24.82 30.34%
Tɛmis piiga banɛ kuod bɛŋa gat, 2020[37]
Teŋ Zʋʋd

(tonnes)

Footnote
India 5,460,000 F
Myanmar 3,053,012
Brazil 3,035,290 A
United States 1,495,180 *
China 1,281,586
Tanzania 1,267,648 F
Mexico 1,056,071
Kenya 774,366 F
Argentina 633,823 *
Uganda 603,980
Dunia wʋsa 27,545,942 A

 

dɛmisim gbɛlima

Gbanvɛɛnsa

dɛmisim gbɛlima
  1. ↑ https://www.myplate.gov/eat-healthy/vegetables
  2. ↑ https://cooking.nytimes.com/guides/21-how-to-cook-beans
  3. ↑ https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/easy-ways-to-use-beans
  4. ↑ added new content
  5. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20181012031118/http://www.fao.org/ES/faodef/FAODEFE.HTM
  6. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=zWW4AQAAQBAJ&q=bean+maturity+55%E2%80%9360+days&pg=PA452
  7. ↑ LA'AD NAAN KAE
  8. ↑ https://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artdec13macro/Gerhardt_Final.pdf
  9. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean#cite_note-9
  10. ↑ https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34052655
  11. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199549060
  12. ↑ "And as in some great threshing-floor go leaping From a broad pan the black-skinned beans or peas." (Iliad xiii, 589).
  13. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-40621-0
  14. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3325731
  15. ↑ Kaplan, p. 30: Domestication, besides involving selection for larger seed size, also involved selection for pods that did not curl and open when ripe, scattering the beans they contained.
  16. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean#cite_note-16
  17. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789569120022
  18. ↑ https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/legumes-pulses/
  19. ↑ https://www.seedvault.no/about/the-seeds/
  20. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1264631
  21. ↑ http://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/living-with-phytic-acid/
  22. ↑ https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm071092.htm
  23. ↑ https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm071092.htm
  24. ↑ https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/features/beware-of-the-beans-how-beans-can-be-a-surprising-source-of-food-poisoning-931862.html
  25. ↑ https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/features/beware-of-the-beans-how-beans-can-be-a-surprising-source-of-food-poisoning-931862.html
  26. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2621.2006.01506.x
  27. ↑ http://www.scidev.net/fr/climate-change-and-energy/tsunami/news/actualit-s-d-afrique-sub-saharienne-en-bref-du-25-.html
  28. ↑ https://www.foodsafety.gov/keep/types/fruits/sprouts.html
  29. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20170315061038/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/_layouts/forms/Review_DispForm.aspx?ID=602&List=a3216f4c%2Df040%2D4f51%2D9f77%2Da96046dbfd72
  30. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4943486.stm
  31. ↑ http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Flatulence/Pages/Introduction.aspx?url=Pages/What-is-it.aspx
  32. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684843285
  33. ↑ https://archive.org/details/isbn_9783540674665/page/14
  34. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean#cite_note-44
  35. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume#Classification
  36. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean#cite_note-46
  37. ↑ http://www.fao.org/es/faodef/fdef04e.htm
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